Helping ESL Students Understand and Participate in Small Talk

The ability to make small talk comfortably is one of the most desired objectives  of almost any English student. This is especially true for business English learners but applies to all. The function of small talk is the same the world over. However, which topics are appropriate for small talk can vary from culture to culture. This lesson plan focuses on helping students develop their small talk skills and addresses the issue of appropriate subjects. Difficulties in small talk skills can arise from a number of factors including grammar uncertainties, comprehension problems, lack of topic-specific vocabulary, and a general lack of confidence. The lesson introduces a discussion of appropriate small talk topics. Make sure to give students ample time to delve into the subjects if they seem particularly interested. Aim: Improving small talk skills Activity: Discussion of appropriate small talk subjects followed by a game to be played in small groups Level: Intermediate to Advanced Small Talk Lesson Outline Write Small Talk on the board. Brainstorm as a class to define small talk. Write examples on the board.Discuss the importance of small talk skills with the class.Divide students into groups of 3 - 5.Give students the small talk worksheet.Students begin by reviewing key functions and grammar by matching purpose,  expression, and form. Review as a class. Discuss any questions in usage.Ask students to discuss  whether the topics provided in the second section  are appropriate for making small talk. Students can also decide that some topics are appropriate in certain situations  but not in others.  Once students have discussed the various situations, solicit responses on the various subjects from the class as a whole. Make sure to ask for examples of comments on appropriate subjects, as well as  explanations for those topics which students feel are not appropriate. Feel free to let students debate their opinions to help develop  conversational skills.Have students get back into their groups and play the small talk game in the third section. Circulate around the room helping  students when they run into difficulties.Take notes on subjects that students find difficult. As a class,  brainstorm on appropriate comments. Understanding Forms Used in Small Talk Match the conversational purpose to the expression in the second column. Identify the appropriate grammar structure in the third column. Purpose Expression Structure Ask about experienceGive adviceMake a suggestionExpress an opinionImagine a situationProvide instructionsOffer somethingConfirm informationAsk for more detailsAgree or disagree Open the package. Fill out the Forms.Where can I find out more?Im afraid I dont see it that way.Have you ever visited Rome?Lets go for a walk.To me, that seems like a waste of time.You live in San Francisco, dont you?Would you like something to drink?If you were the boss, what would you do?You should visit Mt. Hood. Conditional formQuestion tagUse of some in questions rather than anyTo me, In my opinion, I thinkInformation questionModal verbs such as should, ought to, and had betterImperative formLets, Why dont you, How about Present perfect for experienceIm afraid I dont see / think / feel that way. Hit Your Small Talk Target Which Topics are  Appropriate? Which topics are appropriate for small talk discussions? For  topics which are appropriate, think of one interesting comment to make when the teacher calls on you. For topics which are not appropriate, explain why you believe they are not appropriate for small talk. The latest filmsThe One True Path to Eternal LifeThe local basketball teamCarsA product you would like to sell to everyoneThe Death PenaltyYour hometownHow much you makeYour last holidayYour favorite movie-starThe correct political partyThe weatherGardeningYour health problemsYour family Small Talk Game Throw one die to move forward from one subject to the next. When you get to the end, return to the beginning to start again. You have 30 seconds to make a comment about the suggested subject. If you dont, you lose your turn! Your best friendThe last film you sawPetsRock and rollA magazineLearning a languagePlaying tennisYour current jobAn interesting excursion nearbyThe InternetMarilyn MonroeKeeping healthyHuman cloningYour favorite foodFinding a job in your countryThe last book you readYour worst holidaySomething youve never done, but would like to doTeachers - what you likeTeachers - what you dont like

A Brief Note On The Mexican Immigrants Oppression Essay

Mexican Immigrants Oppression in America â€Å"The ultimate tragedy is not the oppression and cruelty by the bad people but the silence over that by the good people.† ~Martin Luther King. Martin Luther King described oppression to be a worldwide problem through the different ethnic groups that made their way to America. Due to the discrimination through economical, educational, and societal ways; non- American citizens trying to regain a peace of mind or in other terms â€Å"freedom†, coming to America consequently face anti-immigration groups and a sense of non- acceptance in America. The Impact of illegal Mexican immigration in the United States has been a focus on the maintenance of the policy and the public. Before getting into depth, a quick debriefing about Mexico will be told below. Mexico, a country rich and complex in history is made up of thirty-one states and a federal district; also known as the national government, located in Mexico City. Mexico ranks third largest state within Latin America and has one of the largest populations. The country being the home of the Spanish speakers than any other Nation, however shows evidence of past cultures and events; despite political and social changes that occurred over centuries. Their rural areas are known to still be inhabited by the indigenous people, whom still practice the lifestyle of their ancestors. Mexico’s land is highly diverse and their history happens to be a part of every piece of land that is walked upon.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Analysis of The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros4759 Words   |  20 Pagesto write it by investigating the novel with special regard to its different dimensions. 1. The Novel 1.1 Summary The novel â€Å"The House on Mango Street† is written by Sandra Cineros. It deals with family, neighbourhood and dreams of a young Mexican girl, Esperanza Cordero growing up in Chicago. 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Proposal for the Supply Chain of Sadafco-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Use a framework to determine a suitable supply chain for this Organisation. You may wish to focus on one product or many ? 2.Discuss which aspect of the chain should or could be Optimised and Discuss how this is affected by the various Environmental Impacts on the Supply Chain ? 3.Having determined a suitable supply chain give an outline proposal plan to Implement the new supply chain ? 4.Consider the Financial Implications of this supply chain, investments in plant and equipment, sources of finance and measures of Financial Performance ? 5.For your Chosen Company suggest the Control Policies for items of stock ? Answers: Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyze on the supply chain issues for developing the proposal for supply chain for Sadafco. Saudi Arabia and Foodstuff company ( Sadafco) has been one of the market leader in Milk Market (UHT) in Saudi Arabia. This company captures half of the UHT milk market and near about one third of the total milk. Even this organization also produces different products other than UHT milk that includes Ice-cream, Cheese, Ketchup , Butter etc. The companys mission is to develop, manufacture and market nutritious food for each age groups as well as create high shareholder value through their teamwork. The supply chain refers to the system of companies , activities, resources and information that are involved in distributing the goods from the suppliers to buyers (Aya?, Samanlioglu Bykzkan, 2013). The activities of supply chain involves in transformation of raw materials or natural resources to finished goods, which is then delivered to the buyers. The study also elucidates on the framework that is used to determine suitable supply chain for this company. One of the challenges that the company faces is to incorporate supply chain in appropriate way in order to benefit their customers and maximize profit (Badri, Bashiri Hejazi, 2013). The aspect of the supply chain of this organization that should be optimized is also discussed in this study. The environmental impact on the supply chain that affects this aspect of chain is also illustrated in this report. The study also focuses on the proposal plan for implementation of new supply chain to this company. The financial implications of supply chain, sources of finance and the measures of financial performance of this firm are also explained in this study. The recommendation of control policies for the items of this company is also highlighted in this study. 1.Framework for determining the suitable supply chain for Sadafco In current changing marketplace, as the competition among the companies has been fierce, Sadafco expands their business focus on encompassing the supply chain in order to gain competitive advantage against their rivals. In present decades, the companies implements new business framework that is based on their customized production as well as relationship with the supply chain members (Bilgen elebi, 2013). Historically, there are three basic stages of supply chain including- procurement, manufacturing and distribution that the organization tries to manage it in effective way. Increase in competitive pressures as well as globalization in the market forced the organizations in developing supply chains, which facilitates them in quickly responding to the requirements of the customers. Supply chain integration procedure through investment in technologies as well as cooperative arrangements aids in strategic ranking of the organizations (Brindley, 2017). The conceptual framework helps in emphasizing the nature of supply chain management (SCM) within the organization. The SCM model mainly consists of interrelated elements that includes- The network structure of supply chain The organization participates in the supply chain as the relationship at various points varies between the firms and networks. However, the management of the organization focuses on choosing the partnership level that has been appropriate for that specific supply chain. The business processes of supply chain- Successful SCM mainly need change from supervising the functions of individual to incorporating activities into processes of supply chain (Estampe et al., 2013). The business processes mainly requires flow of information that in turn aids in creating the flow of best commodity. The management components of supply chain- There are nine components of SCM that includes-management procedure, companys structure, planning and controlling, leadership structure, goods flow structure, reward structure, structure of work, business culture, attitude of employees and information flow framework. Figure 1:Framework of supply chain management Source: (Huo, 2012) The framework used for determining the suitable supply chain for Sadafco is SCOR (supply chain operations reference model). This model illustrates the business procedure that is required for satisfying the demand of customers. In addition, this framework mainly focuses on the five key supply chain areas that includes planning, sourcing, making, delivering and returning. Planning- This step includes planning of demand and supply of products. The elements involve balancing resources according to their needs and communication within the process. This plan includes determination of business rules for improving the efficiency of supply chain. Sourcing- It illustrates sourcing infrastructure as well as material acquisition. It also explains management of inventories, suppliers network and performance. Making- It reflects activities of production, packaging, product staging and launching. It also involves managing manufacturing network, services and transportation. Delivering-This area includes warehousing, order management and transportation. It also involves transportation, requirements of import as well as export, commodities life cycles and management of inventories. Returning- This involves management of assets, inventory, transportation, business rules and other regulatory requirements. Figure 2: Supply chain diagrm of Sadafco Source: (As created by author) The above framework illustrates the supply chain diagram of sadafco orgamization. Technically, the supply chain begins at producing raw milk from the direct inputs to the dairy animals and them moving to their dairy farms. This raw milk is then purchased by sadafcos milk buyers, which is then processed by the dairy processors of sadafco. This dairy processors then pasteurizes the liquid milk that results in yoghurt, milk powders, juices etc. After that it is transported to their dairy factories for processing cheese, butter and other dairy products. Then it passes on to the distributors for selling these dairy products to the customers. 2.Optimization of some aspect of supply chain of Sadafco As the supply chain of the companies has become complex in recent period, it becomes critical for Sadafco in managing the whole supply chain network for optimizing their business performance. Optimization of supply chain refers to the application of processes that facilitates in ensuring the operation of production as well as distribution of product supply chain. This mainly includes optimal inventory placement within the process, reducing cost of operation etc. This organization implements technology for optimizing their supply chain. This company invests in technology in order to track their resources and improve the automated processes. Sadafco selects QAD DSCP (Demand and supply chain planning) in order to improve their forecasting and optimizing their supply chain. QAD is one of the leading providers of software as well as services that has been designed for production organization in the global market. It provides the organization with enterprise applications, ERP (enterprise resource planning) system that aids in supporting their operational needs that includes financial, production, buyers management, planning of demand and supply chain, process management of business and business intelligence. These enterprise applications offers flexible deployment framework in the business environment. It also improves their production, distribution and marketing process of wide variety of commodities in those regions where they operates. QAD DSCP basically consists of various solutions that includes planning of demand, manufacturing, distribution and procurement. It has been noted from the recent study that QAD DSCP helps i n reducing cost as well as inefficiency in the process of supply chain. This company implements QADs application in order to improve their business process and their supply chain. This organization initially adopts demand planning in their business for optimizing their processes. This organization chooses this DSCP for the given reasons that includes- QAD DSCP usually offers comprehensive solution to the company It also helps in integrating with the existing QAD ERP as well as with their van loading system The food industry of QAD is experienced This QAD DSCP is flexible and hence helps in meeting the companys requirements without customization This implementation of QAD DSCP allows the organization in managing their inventories in better way, improving their level of customer service, reduce their lead time of makeup order and improve their promotional profit. It also facilitates in improving their communication with their suppliers that leads to decrease in their purchasing cost. However, it also aids the company in delivering their product at right place in less time. It is well known that the cost of supply chain adversely affects the environment. Therefore, delivering the products efficiently helps in reducing their carbon footprint in the environment. Several environmental affect from the supply chain includes toxic waste, biodiversity loss, long term ecosystem damage, water pollution, deforestation, risky air emissions and greenhouse gas emission. This organization with the initiatives of sustainability works with their suppliers in identifying the pollution sources and waste for discovering preventive measures. This environmental impacts adversely affects the demand and supply chain planning aspect of this organization. The demand of the product depends on the climatic conditions as the consumers flock outdoors. Increase in demand for product owing to weather conditions influences the organizations supply chain through reduction of inventories as well as creating challenges that the sellers tries to meet. In addition, the supply of goods beco mes restricted due to this harmful environmental impact as the adverse weather impacts production of products (Chopra Sodhi, 2014). The toxic waste that has been caused due to supply chain kill the crops , which in turn affects the health of dairy animals and this results in poor quality of raw materials. Moreover, it also creates delivery issues from distributors to retailers. As a result, the shortage in supply of goods occurs due to this inconvenience of transportation and reduced production. 3.Proposal plan for implementing the new supply chain to Sadafco This organization is mainly based on IDI (Interfirm demand integration) process. IDI process refers to the systematic coordination of functions that is consumer focused and tactics used in the process of supply chain. It main purpose is to improve the financial performance of each organization and whole of its supply chain. (Rushton, Croucher Baker, 2012) This procedure mainly consists of three activities that are being coordinated between the trading partners that includes demand management, demand planning and collaborative forecasting. Each of this helps in improving the performance of supply chain. Demand management- These activities are applied for creating demand in order to optimize product supply. This might include various forms namely- exclusive goods, packaging as well as bundling options. Brand promotions etc, Demand planning- it refers to the coordination of dependent flow through organization in supply chain. Therefore, dependent demand refers to the demand for materials that has been taken from customer demand for any particular commodities. Collaborative planning- it refers to the exchange of information among the trading partners for developing single shared demand projection. The implementation of this process revealed the direct relationship between incorporation of activities in business and enhancing performance of supply chain. Figure 2: Framework of IDI process Source: (Rangel, de Oliveira Leite,2015) There are some key supply chain issues including alliance, transportation, storage and financing that creates problem in their supply chain operation. Transportation plays significant role in the supply chain that aids in providing the movement of commodities. As dairy products have short life span, transportation has become major problem in the supply chain. In addition, distance of delivery route also creates problems in customer service as well as the cost of transportation. Strategic alliance refers to the agreement among the parties for pursuing upon the objectives that is required by the business (Prajogo Olhager,, 2012). This alliance involves transfer of technology or access to expertise, shared risk as well expenses and specialization in the economy. However, the partners might provide alliance with some resources that includes commodities, manufacturing capability, funding of project, capital equipment and intellectual property. This might create problem of congestion in t he organization while technology and expertise transfer might adversely affects the product quality and total productivity. Storing milk and dairy products at right temperature helps in keeping the products fresh. If the storage is not done at right temperature, then it affects the quality of dairy product and this in turn dissatisfies the customer (Rangel, de Oliveira Leite,, 2015). Flow of finance within the supply chain helps the organization in reducing total cost of production of dairy products. But it might create problem in the supply chain management if the flow of finance is improper. Supply chain of Sadafco continues its function in sourcing, buying, transporting, storing unprocessed materials and packaging materials that has been required for domestic production of this organizations product (Seuring, 2013). The proposal plan for implementing new supply chain to Sadafco is explained below: Firstly, the collection of raw materials should be monitored with the implementation of new technology and then should be transferred from firm to the factory Then the planning should be done for the total quantity of dairy products to be manufactured according to the consumers demand. The milk that is sent to the factory should undergo some processes that include chilling as well as processing of raw milk. While manufacturing the products, the activities must be scheduled and the product quality must be measured In order to keep the milk as well as the milk products fresh, the company should transport these products through refrigerated vans, insulated tanker vans etc from one region to another. These processed products should be delivered by coordinating order receipt and developing warehouses to the retail markets. The product then reaches to the customers from this retail market. The company should create the network with the help of new information technology in order to receive defective commodities and gather feedback from customers. This stage also helps in developing new product according to the preference of their customers. 4.Financial implication of supply chain, investment in plant and equipment, finance sources and measures of financial performance of Sadafco The three basic functions of the organization supply chain includes procurement, planning operations and logistics. However, investment in plant and equipment facilitates in improving productivity as well as performance of the supply chains. This investment in technologies enhances the return on investment (ROI) of the organization. Automatic milking system (AMS) is basically the robotic systems that helps the company in organizing the whole milking process. In addition, it reduces the workload of the workers due to implementation of equipment in the company. The cost of production reduces and quality of product improves due to adoption of equipment (Stadtler, 2015). Moreover, it also minimizes adverse environmental affect and satisfies the customers in providing the product at right time. As a result, it utilizes the resource in proper way and improves the efficiency in supply chain operations. The sources of finance in the supply chain are also termed as supply chain finance. These includes letters of credit, trade loans, bills collection, bank guarantees etc where the customers are usually given the time period for paying for the products that has been supplied to them. There are various measures of financial performance including- liquidity, profitability, financial efficiency, solvency, working capital etc. Liquidity refers to the measurement of firms business ability for meeting the financial obligations without disrupting the existing business operations. Liquidity of the company is measured by current ratio as well as working capital. Solvency measures total amount of capital borrowed that has been utilized by the company. It is mainly concerned with short-term as well as long-term liabilities and assets. It is usually measured by debt-to asset and equity- to asset ratio. Profitability refers to the total amount of profit generated by business from the production factors such as management, labor and capital. ROA( rate of return on assets of firm), operating profit margin etc are some of the profitability measurement. Financial efficiency measures the efficiency degree in utilizing labor and capital. Asset turnover ratio, depreciation expense r atio are few measures of financial efficiency. Proper implementation of supply chain management enhances the competitiveness of supply chain through coordination of activities (Huo, 2012). The function of supply chain affects the working capital of the organization. This means that sourcing as well as delivery time, bad debt, predicting accuracy, change in exchange rate etc creates problem in supply chain and this in turn influences their financial performance. In addition, lead time, product quality and returns, stock out, inventory and transportation cost , packaging cost also affects the company profitability level (Wagner, Grosse-Ruyken Erhun, 2012) 5.Recommendation on control policies for the items of stock The basic purpose of management of stock is to enhance the profit of store by ensuring that stock levels are available in the store every time. The following recommendations on control policies for the items of stock will help Sadafco in expanding their business in the global market. These include- The management of Sadafco must establish stocking policies annually and must set optimized safety level of stock and inventory level The company must plan as well as evaluate the range of their product for meeting the requirements of the target market Each store must vary in procedures and technology that is mainly used for controlling stock. However, it is recommended that Sadafco must implement new systems that will provide unit control, dollar control and manage inventory. The management of Sadafco must keep documentation of stock in order to monitor it in the store (Wisner, Tan Leong, 2013). These documentation will help the company in identifying the present state of inventory in store with regards to fast or slow movement of stock , damaged stock and stockturn. In addition, the company should also interpret the information of stock in a report in order to enhance the operation in the store. Conclusion From the above report, it can be concluded that Sadafco has good position in the marketplace. The mission and values of this organization reflects that it is mainly focused on ethical business operation, which not only improves its value of shareholder but also manufactures commodities that benefits their customers. Additionally, internal assessment also highlights that the supply chain operation of this organization is better as compared to other dairy firms in this nation and hence shows good leadership structure. This company has managed in creating the business culture that focuses on positive business values. Although this organization faces huge competition from other rivals, their business strategy helps them in gaining competitive advantage in the marketplace. Furthermore, the proposal plan for implementation of new supply chain to this organization might improve their supply chain operations and enhance their financial performance. Selection of DSCP is appropriate as it help s them in optimizing their supply chain. The implementation of new technology improves their supply chain operations and hence enables them in overcoming the challenges from external environment. References Aya?, Z., Samanlioglu, F., Bykzkan, G. (2013). A fuzzy QFD approach to determine supply chain management strategies in the dairy industry.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing,24(6), 1111-1122. Badri, H., Bashiri, M., Hejazi, T. H. (2013). Integrated strategic and tactical planning in a supply chain network design with a heuristic solution method.Computers Operations Research,40(4), 1143-1154. Bilgen, B., elebi, Y. (2013). Integrated production scheduling and distribution planning in dairy supply chain by hybrid modelling.Annals of Operations Research,211(1), 55-82. Brindley, C. (Ed.). (2017).Supply chain risk. Taylor Francis. Carter, C. R., Rogers, D. S., Choi, T. Y. (2015). Toward the theory of the supply chain.Journal of Supply Chain Management,51(2), 89-97. Cho, D. W., Lee, Y. H., Ahn, S. H., Hwang, M. K. (2012). A framework for measuring the performance of service supply chain management.Computers Industrial Engineering,62(3), 801-818. Chopra, S., Sodhi, M. S. (2014). Reducing the risk of supply chain disruptions.MIT Sloan Management Review,55(3), 73. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Esmaeilikia, M., Fahimnia, B., Sarkis, J., Govindan, K., Kumar, A., Mo, J. (2016). Tactical supply chain planning models with inherent flexibility: definition and review.Annals of Operations Research,244(2), 407-427. Estampe, D., Lamouri, S., Paris, J. L., Brahim-Djelloul, S. (2013). A framework for analysing supply chain performance evaluation models.International Journal of Production Economics,142(2), 247-258. Huo, B. (2012). The impact of supply chain integration on company performance: an organizational capability perspective.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(6), 596-610. Kumar, S. K., Tiwari, M. K. (2013). Supply chain system design integrated with risk pooling.Computers Industrial Engineering,64(2), 580-588. Liu, H., Ke, W., Wei, K. K., Hua, Z. (2013). The impact of IT capabilities on firm performance: The mediating roles of absorptive capacity and supply chain agility.Decision Support Systems,54(3), 1452-1462. Manzini, R., Accorsi, R. (2013). The new conceptual framework for food supply chain assessment.Journal of Food Engineering,115(2), 251-263. Manzini, R., Accorsi, R. (2013). The new conceptual framework for food supply chain assessment.Journal of Food Engineering,115(2), 251-263. Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. B., Giunipero, L. C., Patterson, J. L. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Pettersson, A. I., Segerstedt, A. (2013). Measuring supply chain cost.International Journal of Production Economics,143(2), 357-363. Prajogo, D., Olhager, J. (2012). Supply chain integration and performance: The effects of long-term relationships, information technology and sharing, and logistics integration.International Journal of Production Economics,135(1), 514-522. Rangel, D. A., de Oliveira, T. K., Leite, M. S. A. (2015). Supply chain risk classification: discussion and proposal.International Journal of Production Research,53(22), 6868-6887. Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2014).The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. (2014). Measuring and managing sustainability performance of supply chains: Review and sustainability supply chain management framework.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(3), 232-24 Seuring, S. (2013). A review of modeling approaches for sustainable supply chain management.Decision support systems,54(4), 1513-1520. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tayur, S., Ganeshan, R., Magazine, M. (Eds.). (2012).Quantitative models for supply chain management(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media. Wagner, S. M., Grosse-Ruyken, P. T., Erhun, F. (2012). The link between supply chain fit and financial performance of the firm.Journal of Operations Management,30(4), 340-353. Wisner, J. D., Tan, K. C., Leong, G. K. (2014).Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach. Cengage Learning. Yang, G. Q., Liu, Y. K., Yang, K. (2015). Multi-objective biogeography-based optimization for supply chain network design under uncertainty.Computers Industrial Engineering,85, 145-156. Yu, M., Nagurney, A. (2013). Competitive food supply chain networks with application to fresh produce.European Journal of Operational Research,224(2), 273-282. Yu, W., Jacobs, M. A., Salisbury, W. D., Enns, H. (2013). The effects of supply chain integration on customer satisfaction and financial performance: An organizational learning perspective.International Journal of Production Economics,146(1), 346-358.

Joseph Conrad Essays (4069 words) - Fiction, Literature,

Joseph Conrad Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness, relies on the historical period of imperialism in order to describe its protagonist, Charlie Marlow, and his struggle. Marlow's catharsis in the novel, as he goes to the Congo, rests on how he visualizes the effects of imperialism. This paper will analyze Marlow's "change," as caused by his exposure to the imperialistic nature of the historical period in which he lived. Marlow is asked by "the company", the organization for whom he works, to travel to the Congo river and report back to them about Mr. Kurtz, a top notch officer of theirs. When he sets sail, he doesn't know what to expect. When his journey is completed, this little "trip" will have changed Marlow forever! Heart of Darkness is a story of one man's journey through the African Congo and the "enlightenment" of his soul. It begins with Charlie Marlow, along with a few of his comrades, cruising aboard the Nellie, a traditional sailboat. On the boat, Marlow begins to tell of his experiences in the Congo. Conrad uses Marlow to reveal all the personal thoughts and emotions that he wants to portray while Marlow goes on this "voyage of a lifetime". Marlow begins his voyage as an ordinary English sailor who is traveling to the African Congo on a "business trip". He is an Englishmen through and through. He's never been exposed to any alternative form of culture, similar to the one he will encounter in Africa, and he has no idea about the drastically different culture that exists out there. Throughout the book, Conrad, via Marlow's observations, reveals to the reader the naive mentality shared by every European. Marlow as well, shares this naivet? in the beginning of his voyage. However, after his first few moments in the Congo, he realizes the ignorance he and all his comrades possess. We first recognize the general naivet? of the Europeans when Marlow's aunt is seeing him for the last time before he embarks on his journey. Marlow's aunt is under the assumption that the voyage is a mission to "wean those ignorant millions from their horrid ways"(18-19). In reality, however, the Europeans are there in the name of imperialism and their sole objective is to earn a substantial profit by collecting all the ivory in Africa. Another manifestation of the Europeans obliviousness towards reality is seen when Marlow is recounting his adventure aboard the Nellie. He addresses his comrades who are on board saying: "When you have to attend to things of that sort, to the mere incidents of the surface, the reality--the reality I tell you---fades. The inner truth is hidden luckily, luckily. But I felt it all the same; I felt often its mysterious stillness watching over me at my monkey tricks, just as it watches you fellows performing on your respective tight ropes for---what is it? half a crown a tumble---(56)." What Marlow is saying is that while he is in the Congo, although he has to concentrate on the petty little everyday things, such as overseeing the repair of his boat, he is still aware of what is going on around him and of the horrible reality in which he is in the midst of. On the other hand, his friends on the boat simply don't know of these realities. It is their ignorance, as well as their innocence which provokes them to say "Try to be civil, Marlow"(57). Not only are they oblivious to the reality which Marlow is exposed to, but their naivet? is so great, they can't even comprehend a place where this 'so called' reality would even be a bad dream! Hence, their response is clearly rebuking the words of a "savage" for having said something so ridiculous and "uncivilized". Quite surprisingly, this mentality does not pertain exclusively to the Englishmen in Europe. At one point during Marlow's voyage down the Congo, his boat hits an enormous patch of fog. At that very instant, a "very loud cry" is let out(66). After Marlow looks around and makes sure everything is all right, he observes the contrasts of the whites and the blacks expressions. It was very curious to see the contrast of expression of the white men and of the black fellows

Overview of Political Geography

Overview of Political Geography Political geography is a branch of human geography (the branch of geography concerned with understanding the worlds culture and how it relates to geographic space) that studies the spatial distribution of political processes and how these processes are impacted by ones geographic location. It often studies local and national elections, international relationships and the political structure of different areas based on geography. History of Political Geography Politische Geographie Another early theory in political geography was the heartland theory. In 1904, Halford Mackinder, a British geographer, developed this theory in his article, The Geographical Pivot of History. As a part of this theory, Mackinder said that world would be divided into a Heartland consisting of Eastern Europe, a World Island made up of Eurasia and Africa, Peripheral Islands, and the New World. His theory said that whoever controlled the heartland would control the world. Both Ratzel and Mackinders theories remained important before and during World War II. By the time of the Cold War, their theories and the importance of political geography began to decline and other fields within human geography began to develop. In the late 1970s however, political geography again began to grow. Today political geography is considered one of the most important branches of human geography and many geographers study a variety of fields concerned with political processes and geography. Fields within Political Geography European Union Modern political trends also have an impact on political geography and in recent years sub-topics focused on these trends have developed within political geography. This is known as critical political geography and includes political geography focused on ideas related to feminist groups and issues gay and lesbian as well as youth communities. Examples of Research in Political Geography Ellen Churchill Semple Today political geography is also a specialty group within the Association of American Geographers and there is an academic journal called Political Geography. Some titles from recent articles in this journal include Redistricting and the Elusive Ideals of Representation, Climate Triggers: Rainfall Anomalies, Vulnerability and Communal Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa, and Normative Goals and Demographic Realities. To learn more about political geography and to see topics within the subject visit the Political Geography page here on Geography at About.com.

Megans Law essays

Megans Law essays Are so called Megan's laws a good idea? Most definitely; Megan's law is designed to help protect a community by providing information about convicted sex offenders. The commonly known New Jersey law, "Megan's law", originated when the parents of seven year old Megan Kanka of Hamilton Township were not aware of the twice convicted sex offender living across the street until that neighbor brutally raped and murdered their daughter. The crime occurred only months after a similar incident in my hometown, Manalapan Township. In March of 1994, nineteen year old Kevin Aquino had woken his six year old neighbor, Amanda Wengert up and kidnapped her because he "wanted sex." He had put his hand over her mouth and punched her in the head to knock her out. He then preceded to smash her head up against a tree which terminated her life. During that time I remember coming across information that Aquino used to "peep" on young girls in the grammar school bathroom that I use to attend. He was arre sted for voyeurism. As an end result, Aquino will not see a parole board before he is seventy-four years old. This law established a three-tier notification process to provide information about offenders to law enforcement agencies and when appropriate, to the public. The type of notification is based on an evaluation of the risk to the community from a particular offender. The offenses that require notification are aggravated sexual assault, sexual assault, aggravated criminal sexual contact, endangering the welfare of a child by engaging in sexual conduct which would impair or debauch the morals of a child, luring or enticing and, if the victim were a minor and the offender not a parent, kidnapping, criminal restraint and false imprisonment. I believe that this law is an extremely effective punishment for the offender, at least psychologically. For example, if the offender decided to reestablish his/her life after jail, he/sh...

Weekly assignment 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Weekly assignment 7 - Essay Example In his time he participated in several non- violent protests for combating racial inequality. In this letter he tries to defend his perception about the ‘just’ and ‘unjust’ laws and his non-violent protests. In his letter he quotes different leaders and even Jesus Christ in order to make his views and argument strong and sound. Luther’s this quotation has a deep meaning to it. It says that any non- violent movement needs a systematic approach in order to cure the disease that one fights for. His first step ‘collection of the facts’ suggests his approach to deal things. In order to make one’s protest and non – violent fight sound and reasonable one has to collect the facts about the existence of injustice and the limits of it. This approach also defines the approach of a well learned man that is fighting for a cause, a cause that is carried out by non- violent intentions. After detecting that injustice does exist, the second step ‘negotiation’ suggests that one has to arrive at an agreement after having a clear understanding of things and opposed party. This step helps one to conclude that what is the basic need that one is striving for and what is the basic motif with which one wants to move forward. Thirdly ‘self – purification’seems to be the most vital step that suggests that one has to do internal personal sacrifices that are needed for the sake of growth and development. It says that self – purification is one way through which human can achieve the target need. Lastly ‘direct action’ is the last step that he suggests. In this step he does not mean ‘brutal acts’ or ‘bloodshed’ activities but ‘non – violent’ intentions and activities because according to him non – violent acts carry a deeper meaning and message for the target audience. Luther also defends his last step ‘direct action’ by saying: non- violent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster

Terms of Reference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Terms of Reference - Essay Example In this regard, the notion of â€Å"zero hours contract† will be elaborated as an effective measure or solution. A qualitative approach of research methodology will be taken into concern for completing the study with focusing on varied secondary sources. These secondary sources may comprise reviewing varied scholarly based journal articles and books relating to the notion of zero works contract and also the online websites of the selected company i.e. Control Risks, wherein the company published about the problem. It is projected that by reviewing such secondary sources, a detailed understanding can be made regarding appropriate utilization of zero hours contract within the aforesaid security company, which will aid in mitigating and improving the above identified problem facing by the company. According to Brinkley (2014), the idea of Zero Hours Contract is regarded as a type of work contract, which is especially followed with varied companies. This type of working agreement especially refers to an on-call agreement between the employers and the employees of a specific organization. It is worth mentioning that the prime facet of zero hours contract is ascertained to be forming as well as developing an informal relationship between employers and employees facilitating employees to solve varied problems like ineffective communication between these organizational members due to increased level of involvement in corruption. There are several legal risk factors that can be related with this type of work contract. The temporary vacancy in a company has been fulfilled by the process of zero hours working contract (Brinkley, 2014). In relation to the above context, the importance of zero hours contract is found to be quite useful in several working sectors. Thus, it can be affirmed that the zero hours contact can found its applicability in the security company i.e. Control Risks, which will aid in improving the above stated problem facing by the company in the

Driving Age Essay Example for Free

Driving Age Essay Driving age Turning the age of fifteen is a huge step in the life of a teen. When becoming this age a new challenge is brought into the persons life, the task of driving a car. But are fifteen year olds ready for this task. Driving a car is a task that should only be taken on by teenagers over the age of eighteen, because they are more responsible and understand the risks involved. In this essay I will explain and give reasons on why I think that the driving age should be raised to be able to get your drivers license at. 102 First Argument Teenagers not needing vehicles In todays society the idea of fifteen, sixteen and seventeen year olds operating cars has become a way of life. But if one stops to think about it, there is no need for these drivers to be on the road. Most of these drivers still live at home and have no Job because theyre still in school. So they have no Job to drive to or from. To go to school they can take the bus or be dropped off by their parents. I know theres so many times when I want to drive somewhere because my parents arent home or I Just want o be by myself outside of the house. Im sure a lot of teenagers that are younger than sixteen cant wait to be able to get on the road. Maybe they arent responsible enough, but then they shouldnt be driving. 144 Second Argument Accidents are caused mostly by teenagers The dramatic increase in teen accidents has lead major portions of the public to favor the driving age to be raised to eighteen. The direct concern is over fifteen, sixteen and seventeen -year-old drivers if they are responsible and experienced nough to drive on the road. Most New Zealand citizens agree that accidents involving teen drivers are their lack of Judgment and irresponsibility as a driver, and as well as their lack of experience and poor attention to details. I believe that the increase in teen accidents may decrease if the driving age is raised to eighteen. 98 Teenagers between the ages of fifteen, sixteen and seventeen years of age are more prone to get in a car accident then an eighteen or nineteen-year-old driver. There is a mall percent of teens on the road that obey the traffic laws, but there are many teen drivers that are reckless and showoffs. They rather gamble their life away drag racing down the freeway or down the street then acting responsible and mature while driving. The consequences of unsafe or irresponsible teen driving a cause 77% of automobile accidents. Parents and other supporters may argue that there is no difference between an eighteen-year-old driver to a sixteen or seventeen year old driver between the amount of experience they have. 123

Best Man Wedding Speech -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Best Man Wedding Speech Well to be honest Steven I thought you would have spoken for longer today†¦.. as that was probably your last opportunity to speak for any length of time without interruption. Not that I’m saying Ellen talks a lot! Afternoon everybody†¦..or is it evening†¦.. seems so long ago that we started these proceedings†¦. For those of you that do not know me my name is Mark Although I’m sure you’ll have a few other names for me after I’ve finished this†¦. Although BIG NOSE is a little obvious! Also just a little soundcheck†¦.Can hear me at the back???? Good then put a bottle aside for me!!!! Well†¦I hope you’ve all been having a good time and enjoyed yourselves so far†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Good †¦..but as they say †¦.. every silver lining has a cloud†¦.. and I’m afraid it’s just got overcast! I must thank Ellen’s parents for their hospitality today and that really did look like a splendid meal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. although I’m afraid mine should be just be hitting the city sewer system around †¦. About†¦.. now†¦ Response to Steven’s Toast To Bridesmaid First of all may I re-iterate and thank Steven for his complementary comments to the Bridesmaids, who have done a splendid job today at looking wonderful. Although†¦.. No-doubt my sister has already told you this†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Read CARDS / TELEGRAMS here! â€Å"Don’t forget dear †¦.. the slightest ill treatment and you come home to Mother! Closer Look†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Oh!! Its for... ...m service lady will of course be puzzled by this request and ask him whether Mrs Scott might want something more substantial To which Steven will probably reply ‘No that’s ok I'm conducting an experiment to see if she eats like a rabbit as well!" Ladies and Gentlemen please†¦.. settle down†¦ Could you please stand now and join me in a toast to the bride’s parents for this special day. Thank you. And while you are all standing I’ve just got a few last things to say†¦.. Steven you are an excellent friend and it’s been an honour to be your best man. I wish you and Ellen all the very best for the future. If everyone could now join me in a toast to Mr and Mrs Steven and Ellen Scott. Congratulations!!!

Consequences of Exploration for Europeans and the Indigenous Peoples

In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean bearing the name of the Spanish Crown in hopes that he had landed in the Indies of Asia using a direct sea route. Though that is not where he landed, his â€Å"New World† was a place of great wealth, new materials and crops, new source of labor, and new land for the European nations. The consequences for the native people of the Americas were much worse with devastating death tolls, enslavement, new diseases and racist attitudes towards them. Though it would not be fair to say that the Europeans did not share in negative consequences or that the indigenous people did not gain any advantages. The greatest negative consequences for the Europeans due to the European expansion are a devastating economic revolution, and the introduction of the venereal disease Syphilis. Once the Spanish began to mine the precious ores of America the wealth of Spain underwent a major transformation. Demanding one-fifth of all profit, the Crown became immensely rich and this showed in their influence on the rest of Europe, seeing that other countries now lacked the material wealth of Spain. Throughout this time of great wealth the population rose steadily in Spain. With population increase, came an increased demand for food and merchandise. Spain had expelled a large amount of their skilled farmers, workers, merchants and businessmen during the Inquisition when they cleansed their country of the Jewish and Muslim people. Along with the demand in Spain, the demand for Spanish and European products in the Americas also became hard to keep up with. With the ever-increasing influx of silver bullion the prices in Spain began to rise and the inflation quadrupled the prices of everything within thirty years. In 1556, Martin de Azpilcueta Navarro, a Spanish canon lawyer, writes about the influx of American silver as the cause of the inflation. We see by experience that in France, where money is scarcer than in Spain, bread, wine, cloth, and labour are worth much less. And even in Spain, in times when money was scarcer, saleable goods and labour were given for very much less than after the discovery of the Indies, which flooded the country with gold and silver. The reason for this is that money is worth more where and when it is scarce than where and when it is abundant. Along with this, the Spanish king Philip II spent more money on outside enterprises to worsen his countries debt. When needing to pay his debt to other countries, he also paid in silver bullion spreading the inflation to the rest of Europe. The discovery of the Americas led Europe to inflation and increased prices and Spain to almost complete debt by the seventeenth century. Besides silver and gold, the native people of the Americas passed Syphilis on to the Spanish who came to settle there. In five year time, Syphilis had spread to Russia from the European Atlantic coast. Though it could not be proven, Syphilis is thought to have originated in Espaniola because no evidence of Syphilis exists in Europe before 1493. These open sores, boils, and aches in the joints caused excruciating pains to many Europeans due to this quickly widespread venereal disease. The only proven effective way to treat Syphilis was from drinking the boiled bark of the guaiacum tree which only grew in Espaniola. Though no exact numbers were calculated for Syphilis it could not be compared to the death tolls that the European diseases left on the Indian populations. â€Å"In a period of 130 years, something like 95 percent of all Native Americans died of disease. That number is far greater than experts (until recently) had ever suspected. The Native Americans who survived the plagues were, of course, completely demoralized and depressed by this tremendous loss of their loved ones, of their lifestyle, and of their ancient culture. â€Å"(Bib 2. ) The 95 percent population loss of the Natives was staggering compared to probably one percent death caused by Syphilis. Thus though Syphilis was a negative consequence of European expansion it proved minor compare to the Indigenous peoples loss due to European disease. Besides new crops and animals the indigenous people were introduced to new religions, medicines and ways of life that helped better themselves. Christianity was introduced to the indigenous people thanks to very ardent Catholicism from the Spanish and Portuguese. These Christians taught of love, equality and a heaven after death for those who acted well on earth. For many indigenous people this religion called to them and they were converted. Those who did not convert voluntarily were either forced to convert or killed. The native people actually became very passionate about this religion and even followed religious doctrines more closely than the Spanish conquistadors. The natives began to spread peace and love as a bigger doctrine than territory fighting which shows how religion was a positive outcome from European expansion. New technology and medicine helped more effectively cure the local people and brought new light to the topic. In Pre-Colombian times the Indian populations would come to the ailing and stay by their side through illness thus probably catching the illness themselves, the Europeans taught to isolate the sick and better medicines to treat them. The lives that new medicines saved in the Americas is immeasurable but probably still do not compare to the lives lost from European diseases. New technologies such as guns, steel and sailing equipment helped build stronger weapons than the ones previously possessed by Indians, and a new material from which objects could be made. Very strong steel could be used to make protection from swords and swords themselves thus fortifying indigenous peoples' ability to make weapons, protect themselves, and hunt. Many thousands of things brought from Europe helped make indigenous life better such as candles to light the night and paper so writing and language could be better developed. Though much understated there were many positive outcomes from European expansion to the indigenous people of the Americas and even a few negative outcomes for the Europeans themselves. More often than not, when talking about the European expansion into America, the Europeans seem to get much better rewards from their expansion. And they actually did. They reaped much higher rewards from their conquest of the Americas than the indigenous people, yet it cannot be forgotten that both peoples' had multiple sides to their gains and losses due to European expansion. Bibliography Quotes: {draw:frame} 1. â€Å"Why were Native Americans so vulnerable to European diseases? (article). † Articles on how to feel good more often and get more done. Web. 10 Oct. 2009. http://www. youmeworks. com/why_native_americans. html. Galloway, J. H. The Sugar Cane Industry An Historical Geography from its Origins to 1914 (Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography). New York: Cambridge UP, 2005. Print. American Indian past and present. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 2008. Print. Other Info: â€Å"Spanish colonization of the Americas -. † Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas. â€Å"Native Americans in the United States – European colonization. † Spiritus-Temporis. com – Historical Events, Latest News, News Archives. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. http://www. spiritus-temporis. com/native-americans-in-the-united-states/european-colonization. html.

International Management Essay

In the first article titled â€Å"Developing an effective repatriation strategy for MNC: A model and tools for international human resource management†, the authors explore the rather forgotten aspect of repatriates. This is a specific targeting the area of international human resource management. According to the authors, repatriated employees have not received the focus they should especially about their full inclusion into the companies. As such, expatriates have suffered on various fronts, ranging from the emotional disharmony to the general loss of contact to the company. The authors fault the fact that multinational companies have not been able to come up with policies and procedures to support these expatriates. They point out that these companies fail to accommodate the expatriates just as they fail to recognize the existence of this category of employees. They also point out the fact that companies have the responsibility to provide support services for their expatriate employees (Chew, 2008). The second article titled â€Å"Analyzing International Trade Patterns: Comparative Advantage for the worlds major Economies† focuses on the relationship between comparative advantage and other comparative factors in relation to the overall benefit obtained from having such an advantage by a country. The authors go ahead to analyze the comparative advantage of the major economies in the world. They bring out the single most important contributor to these countries’ high development as having its roots in the fact that they have succeeded in achieving high exports. The author brings out the fact that these countries put together, comprise over 80% of the global exports in terms of manufacturing products. According to the author, the achievement of high production of goods by these countries has in the end meant the cost of production has reduced. The high exports and resultant cost reductions on goods, makes such countries stronger economically and puts them above other countries. The first article brings into focus some forgotten but very relevant issues on expatriates. Indeed it is estimated that over 20% of the people working in most industries in developed countries are expatriates. The lack of strategies towards the full integration of such people has meant a great deal of discomfort to them. Mead (2005) agrees that there are issues applying to expatriates that need to be specifically addressed by policy makers. It is the mandate of the human resource department in companies to come up with strategies to absorb them. There are many benefits that accrue to a company that is able to employ expatriates. Apart from the special technical interests that they may bring to the company, they can also help the company in setting its global focus (Goderham, 2003). This can come in the areas of new markets or new global marketing fronts. As such it is of value that companies really think in terms of integrating such employees. The adoption process of such people however ought to be guided by policy and a development of strategies fully targeting them. The setting in motion of this process is informed by four major steps that the companies have to take. Indeed if companies were able to follow the four steps, they would benefit a lot from this category of employees. The first thing that companies have to do is to develop a policy. This should be a duty to be aggressively undertaken by the human resource departments of the companies. Companies have the mandate to come up with the policies that are aimed at integrating, supporting and hence adopting their expatriate employees. The second thing that should be done is the setting up of an agreement. This is in view to the fact that the difficulties and poor conditions of working encountered by the expatriate workers may not be similar to those experienced by the other category of workers. As such there should be a collaborative effort between the expatriates and the companies to ensure the terms are supportive to the expatriates present conditions and restrictions. The third thing is that companies should aggressively undertake efforts towards the development of an internal program aimed at monitoring issues on expatriate employees. Such a program should have the capacity to monitor the implementation of the strategies targeting expatriates. There should be a continuous process program (Goderham, 2003). The establishment of such a program should be finalized by the setting up of the necessary tools to evaluate its achievement of the objectives in helping the expatriates become fully integrated. The second article brings into focus another issue different from the first. The focus of this second article is on the idea of competitive advantage of countries. Indeed it is the main focus in many countries today as they strategize towards becoming great economic powers. The real concept communicated is that with an increased focus on exports much can be achieved. The focus on exports as a tool towards economic boost of a country is an old strategy. It is the main strategy behind the idea of mercantilism as used by the British. They knew that when they exported more and imported less, it would go a long way in making their economy grow. As such they sought to acquire more colonies as exclusive markets for their product. This dimension towards export, in the end ensures more benefits and a strong economy. The principle behind the idea of mercantilism is used by many developed economies in the world. They seek to export more and import less. This has in the end made them stronger economies. To understand the real impact from the exports towards boosting a country’s economy, there is need to understand three fundamental concepts and how these concepts interact to achieve what is called a country’s competitive advantage. These concepts are the relative costs, cost ratios and the absolute advantage. There is need to focus on these factors individually. Relative costs are those obtained in the comparison of the cost of an item against other items in the same country. This comparison in ratio terms is what gives us the cost ratio. The cost ratio is what can then be compared to the other countries to get a country’s absolute advantage. Absolute advantage itself is a factor indicative of a fall in production costs. The benefits of less production costs, usually trickle down to the economy and is what is felt as the boosts in a country’s economy (Ram, 2008). The idea of production costs going down is itself indicative that a country was producing and selling more. This directly points to exports. But to achieve large export sells, a country and its products must be able to fair considerably well compared against its competitors. This brings into focus the issue of competitive advantage and the underlying issues. The focus now is on how to be more competitive than the other, in this global economy. The answer here is this, that, the most innovative country will achieve more exports and hence better lives for its citizens.

Human behavior and lifespan development Essay Example

Human behavior and lifespan development Essay Example Human behavior and lifespan development Essay Human behavior and lifespan development Essay Human behavior and Lifespan Development. Suzanna Pickering. S134487 Social Workers are progressively mentioning to theories of the life rhythm, life span development and human behaviors these theories indicate the relationship of peculiar biological ages of life to psychological, societal and development alterations. From a theoretical position cardinal theories of human growing and development will be discussed concentrating on babies, foregrounding the importance of professionals detecting a kid and doing a judgement on their development and demands. Therefore, the theories will be applied to societal work, discoursing the advantages and disadvantages of taking a life span position, taking into history gender, civilization and individualism. Attachment and the different theories associated with fond regard will enable us to understand people in a more thorough mode and in peculiar the fortunes that service users may be faced with sing diverseness, their single cultural demands and beliefs. Whilst remaining within the boundaries, values and Ethical motives set down by the GSCC. It is widely accepted that parent and kid relationship plays a cardinal function in the psychological development.( Pg1Attachment andCalciferolevelopment ) Goldburg, S. ( 2000 ) Attachment and Development,London: Arnold. The term development refers to the procedure by which a kid, or more by and large an being ( human or animate being ) grows and alterations through its lifetime. In worlds the most dramatic developmental alterations occur in babyhood and childhood, as the newborn develops into a immature grownup capable of going a parent himself or herself. From its beginnings much of developmental psychological science has therefore been concerned with kid psychological science, and with the alterations from babyhood through to adolescence.Smith, P.K. and Cowie, H. ( 1996 )Uracilnderstanding Children s Development ( 2nd ed. ) ,Oxford: Blackwell. The term attachment is described in Collins Dictionary of Social Work ( Thomas, M. and Pierson, J. ( 1995 ) , London: Harper Collins ) as a long permanent emotional bond between two persons, affecting their seeking propinquity to each other and holding pleasance in each other s company. Typically fond regard is developed by babies towards their chief care-givers, but it may besides qualify feelings between other people, or between a individual and some object. Attachment is a strong emotional bond that develops between baby and health professional, supplying the baby with emotional security. By the 2nd half of the first twelvemonth, babies are said to go affiliated to familiar people who have responded to their demand for physical attention and stimulation. ( Bowlby, J 1998 ) How these fond regards develop and whether attachment theory provides a sound footing for advice on how to raise kids have been intense subjects of theoretical argument. Attachment refers to the synergistic mutual relationship that babies and immature kids experience and develop with their primary health professional ( Bowlby, 1982 ) . Many times this health professional is the baby s biological female parent. In recent times the population of working female parents has increased dramatically. Due to this demographic alteration, the primary health professional for a kid is sometimes the biological male parent and other relations such as aunts, uncles, grandparents, older siblings, nursemaids or twenty-four hours attention providers.There are besides Children in our state who for assorted grounds find themselves in the attention of Foster or adoptive parents. Following birth is a rapid country of larning for the kid. A new born babe can see about 20 centimeters and follow a moving object, odor, hear and recognise voices. Checks are preformed on the neonate to guarantee nil obvious is incorrect, these cheques include Reflexes, Moro response ( toes curving ) , Babinski ( grasps fingers and bents ) , guaranting that baby is rooting for the chest, sucking A ; swallowing, measure and stepping. The new Born is wholly reliant on the health professional as it is non equipped to last without it. The health professional provides nutrient, heat and protection, for illustration when a babe calls it is for a ground this is a signifier of communicating. Babies know that when they cry person will come and will guarantee to fulfill the babes needs. Chronologically, this is the period of babyhood through the first one or two old ages of life. The kid, well-handled, nurtured and loved, develops trust and security and a basic optimism. Badly handled, he be comes insecure and mistrustful. ( Erikson E Trust Vs Mistrust 8 Stages of Development ) cited Child Development Information ( 2009 ) Children develop and grow from the minute they are conceived until early maturity, demoing many alterations within their abilities. Whilst no two kids will develop at precisely the same clip, as Social Workers we use benchmarks to detect behaviors and development. Understanding the phase and procedure of development can assist a Social Worker place the accomplishment of developmental mileposts such as a Childs first measure or first words and to admit the kid is developing usually within the benchmarks we work. Attachment theory is a psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory that forms relationships. One of import rule of attachment theory is that a immature kid demands to develop a relationship with at least one primary health professional for societal and emotional development to happen usually. The theory was formulated by head-shrinker and psychoanalyst John Bowlby. The country of the baby is considered by Bowlby as sensitiveness period. Within attachment theory, infant behavior associated with fond regard is chiefly the seeking of acquaintance of an attachment figure in nerve-racking state of affairss. Babies go attached to grownups who are sensitive and antiphonal to their demands and who remain as consistent health professionals for some months during the period from about six months to two old ages of age. During the latter portion of this period, kids begin to utilize attachment figures as a secure base to research from and return to with the cognition that a parent will be where they left them in the instance of a unafraid fond regard. Separation anxiousness or heartache following the loss of an attachment figure is considered to be a normal and adaptative response for an affiliated baby. The kid will demo a clear penchant for the primary health professional on their return ; this will assist steer the person s feelings, ideas and outlooks in ulterior relationships. Attachment theoreticians point to informations that favour the health professional reactivity hypothesis. For illustration, it has been found that an baby s weeping alterations over the first twelvemonth much more than the female parent s reactivity to the weeping does. Furthermore, the female parent s reactivity over a 3-month period predicts the babies over the 3 months significantly better than the babies shouting predicts the female parent s subsequent reactivity to shouting. In short, the female parent appears to act upon the babies shouting more than the infant influences the female parent s reactivity to shouting ( Bell A ; Ainsworth, 1972 ) . As a societal worker we need to derive an apprehension of the whole kid, their development and their life class. It is of import to take a scope of theories and positions into history that support us in understanding childrens growing and development and single experience, the function and the impact of their households and the influence of procedures and systems in their lives. Through this you should be able to see beyond the description of the kid, to give significance to their lives and experiences. Thus we are recognizing the kid as an person. We need to admit there are kids with unique and specific demands that may impact on their single development and behavior, surely on their experiences and how others view and respond to them, a good illustration would be the experience and positions of a kid with a disablement. Pg 31 SW A ; humanA deve. We need to recognize that communities raise kids in diverse ways with each civilization promoting the sorts of wonts and traits that help them to incorporate and work within that civilization, ( pg 33 Social work and human development ) nevertheless we need to be aware of the Torahs and human rights that we have within the United Kingdom whilst being cognizant of cultural diversenesss and penchants. Recognizing the importance of civilization within the kid s development is of import for a figure of grounds. First we need to place those facets of development that impact on all kids, non merely through theories and surveies based on white, in-between category kids populating with a western civilization. Second we need to hold an apprehension of the kid s household civilization and how that impacts on the kid ; we need to understand the impact of cultural beliefs as portion of that environment. We need to see how different cultural beliefs impact on how people experience their lives. Attachment procedure for the parents seems to get down with the development of an initial emotional bond and so extends to more and more adept fond regard behaviors. For the baby, the procedure is said to get down with attachment behaviors and so progresses to the full features of fond regard slightly subsequently ( Atkinson et al 2000 ) . Sigmund Freud nevertheless, besides offered a position on the country of fond regard and his position was subsequently known as the The Cupboard Theory . This theory stated that the absence of the female parent would scare the babe into believing that it would non be nourished. This theory offered by Freud has received a great trade of unfavorable judgment on the footing that there is no grounds to propose that the baby associates the female parent wholly with nutriment. Bowlby s position supplemented these unfavorable judgments as he believed that babes have inborn inclinations towards the female parent and are non attached by nutrient or heat. Another key development which was argued disproved Freud s theory and offered support towards the position of Bowlby was an experiment which was conducted by Harlow and Harlow in 1977. This experiment consisted of Rhesus monkeys been raised without their female parents. The Monkeys were housed is isolated coops with a theoretical account female parent either made from wire or terry-towel fabric. The terry-towel fabric had no proviso in which to feed the monkeys whereas the wire female parent figure did in the signifier of milk giving mammillas. The survey concluded that every clip the monkeys were frightened they would seek support and comfort from the warm non-food supplying terry-towel cloth theoretical account as opposed to the cold nutrient supplying wire theoretical account. These findings clearly disputed the position of Freud s Cupboard theory . And it indicated, as Bowlby would reason, that a female parent s love is non for nurturing but for comforting and kids, like the M acaca mulatta monkeys, usage teddy bears for comfort if they feel in anyhow threatened ( Gleightman, H. et al 1999 ) .A Subsequently unfavorable judgments of fond regard theory relate to disposition, the complexness of societal relationships, and the restrictions of distinct forms for categorizations. Attachment theory has been significantly modified as a consequence of empirical research, but the constructs have become by and large accepted, although we are no longer working with merely a Euro centric base, we use these theories as a benchmark within Social Work taking into history single civilizations and beliefs. Another disadvantage for a kid is holding a good fond regard with a hapless parent ; this could do deficiency of trust, misgiving and the kid so as holding to care for themselves and perchance siblings. Although unfavorable judgments have been made of the Theory of Attachment and certain facets of the work of Bowlby, Ainsworth etc I feel that the theory of fond regard has developed vastly through their work. It can surely be argued that their work will and will go on to lend to our apprehension of how parent and kid fond regards develop and I feel that their work provides us with concluding as to why kids may develop in different ways. Although there are unfavorable judgments which exist of the theories, I feel that it can be clearly argued that they give us a solid information base as to why fond regard is of import in the development of babies and kids. The overall consensus environing fond regard and the associated arguments have in past suffered unfavorable judgment from feminist groups excessively. For illustration, unfavorable judgments environing Bowlby s work have been made foregrounding that he maintains that the female parent should be the chief carer of the baby and that her uninterrupted attention should be present while the kid is turning and developing ( Gross, R. 1999 ) . This has been argued to be sexist as the deduction is that the female parent will non work and will automatically set about kid rise uping functions. It can be argued one time once more that this given is non merely sexist but as highlighted antecedently, culturally unethical excessively. One major statement which has been offered by Gross R. in 1999 to back up the womens rightist position is that a stable web of grownups offers adequate attention and in some instances can hold advantages over a system where the female parent has the meet all the babie s demands ( Gross, R. 1999 ) .

How to Study for a Philosophy Exam

How to Study for a Philosophy Exam Perhaps youve heard this story: Thirty students are waiting to write a final exam for a philosophy course on the Theory of Knowledge. The professor enters the room, hands out blue books, picks up  a chair, places it on top of a table, and says, You are to write just one essay on this exam. Prove to me that this chair exists. You have two hours. A minute later one student gets up, turns in her answer book and leaves. The rest of the class slave away for two hours, explaining foundationalism, pragmatism, materialism, idealism, and every other ism they think is relevant.  But when the exams are returned, only one essay receives an A- the one turned in early.  The classmates of the student who got the A naturally demand to see her essay.  She shows it them. It consists of two words: What chair? If you have a philosophy final coming up, and youre feeling witty, you could try a strategy like that. But we wouldnt recommend it. Theres a 99.9% probability that in the real world, the two-word essay would have received a big fat F. In the real world, the most important thing to remember is to study for the exam in an active rather than passive way. What does that mean? Passive studying is where you look over your class notes, notes taken from books, old essays. Research has shown that this is not very effective. This may be especially true in philosophy because the abstractness of the material can often make recall difficult. So how can you make your studying active?  Here are four ways. Write Practice Essays, Preferably Timed This is probably the single most valuable exercise you can do. Writing under exam conditions- time limits and no notesforces you to organize what you know, strengthens your ability to recall details (definitions, arguments, objections, etc.), and often prompts original thoughts of your own that you might end up including if you write on the same topic in the exam. Most teachers should  be able and willing to give you sample questions that you can use for this purpose. Read, Keeping Practice Essays in Mind Before writing a practice essay, youll naturally need to prepare by studying the relevant material. But doing this sort of focused, purposeful studying is much better than just scanning many pages of notes and texts and hoping that some of it sticks. Think up Your Own Examples to Illustrate Abstract Points For instance, if youre writing about how utilitarians might be willing to sacrifice individual rights in order to promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number, you might think about a group of peeping toms who are all spying on someone in the shower. Its much easier to remember concrete examples than abstract principles; but once you do, youll probably find it easy to  recall the theoretical point the examples are making. Whoever is reading the essay may also give you credit if you use original illustrative examples: it shows you really understand what you are talking about and not just mindlessly repeating what someone else has said. Practice Making Outlines After youve written a practice essay and you have the material fully in mind, draft an outline for the essay youve just written, perhaps with some improvements. Again, this will help to organize your thinking and should help improve your ability to recall the material during the exam. Bottom Line The  mechanical basics of preparing for any  final are pretty much the same for all subjects: get a  good nights sleep; eat a good breakfast (or lunch) so your brain is fueled; make sure you have a spare pen. Some people also think it helps to sleep with the textbook under your pillow. Experts are skeptical about this strategy but, to date, its ineffectiveness has  never been conclusively proved.

Polymerase chain reaction practical, Genetics Essay

Polymerase chain reaction practical, Genetics - Essay Example Currently, there are hundreds of different types of PCR are being used in different laboratories but the basic principle remains same. The overall process of PCR can be summarized as follows. 1) Mixture of all constituents of PCR like dNTPs, Primers (forward and reverse), Buffer and template DNA will be mixed in desired concentration. 2) The first step is amplification, where the temperature is set at 94C for 2-5 minutes for denaturation of double stranded DNA, a process called initial denaturation, 3) After initial denaturation, sample is kept for 30 sec at 94C for further denaturation, 4) After denaturation temperature is brought down to 55-60C for 30sec to allow annealing of primer with specific DNA site called annealing temperature. 5) The temperature is now brought up to the 72C for polymerase to start new DNA synthesis using primer as starting material. 6) After extension, the cycles are repeated for almost 30 times to get 230 copy of initial DNA template. Finally, after 3 cycl e extension is be performed at 72C for 5 min to complete any unamplified reaction. Figure 1 shows steps involves in PCR. Development of PCR and identification of DNA as signature molecules for individual leads to introduction of DNA based technique for establishment of parental relation and subsequently for crime and criminal detection. Based on DNA sequence of humans it was found that there are many places in entire DNA that are conserved nucleotide repeats and based on size or length of these sequences they are termed as micro and mini satellite (4). It was found that number of repeat in these sequences varies from person to person and inherited from parents to child makes it ideal choice for criminal identification. Later, this process was termed as DNA fingerprinting. Moreover, development of PCR made this technique more powerful and realistic compared to any other technique for criminal identification, since most of the time, the specimen obtained in the crime site is always in less quantity. This small part of body or body fluids like blood, sperm, saliva or even hair is sufficient to isolate DN A and then amplification with PCR make it possible to do different analysis on it. Here the aim of this experiment was to understand fundamental principle and use of polymerase chain reaction and based on that to understand how PCR is used in DNA fingerprinting based crime investigation and criminal identification 2. Methods: 2.1 Buccal DNA extraction: Ten ml, 0.9% saline solution was rubbed vigorously against the cheeks for 10 seconds. The sample (extract from the bucaal cavity) was then transferred into 15 ml centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 2000 g for 10 minutes for the pellet. Thereafter, 500 l of chelex beads were added into the pellet and resuspended with the chelex by pipetting in and out various times such that there are no visible clumps of cells. Five hundred microliter of the aliquot was transferred into 1.5ml microfuge tube and was boiled into a hot block at 100C for 10 mins. The sample was then spin for 30 secs top speed to spin down chelex. Fifty microliter of the fresh supernatant was transferred

Environmental Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Environmental Management - Essay Example Evolution of the sustainable management has been problematic for two major reasons; firstly the norms of sustainability are continuously changing, for example, values which were unthinkable few years back are now evolving as standard practices. Secondly, sustainability requires the managers to think for the long term not only short term. The manager can take credit for cultural changes in the program but the organization culture reflects the contemporary concepts of the public. During the 1960s and 1970s, the industrial environmentalism time period was emerging where there were less environmental concerns in the industry but businesses successfully overcame these pressures and made separate regulations and definitions. Environmentalists existed but in businesses, they were discredited. In 1970 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was created which shifted the norms of environmentalism and created a link between the industry and the environmentalists. Despite this, the two sides d id not really meet. Then by the 1980s, environmentalism emerged as a social responsibility and activism became influential. EPA lost its credibility but major non-governmental organizations were found. Businesses started becoming more cooperative and new managerial structures were formed to deal with regulations. During 1988 and 1993, the industry emerged in understanding and changing attitudes towards environmental protection. New attitudes were adopted and the issue was dealt with in a new manner outlining important steps to be taken.

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Essay - 6

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions - Essay Example Failure to have a financial plan will always result in the organization being unable to meet its expenses whenever they arise (Berry, Jarvis, and Jarvis, 2005, p. 28). The success of any financial plan will largely depend on the effective disseminate of information to various decision makers within the organization. This is because it will ensure support and compliance among different stakeholders of the organization. It will also facilitate faster decision making which will ensure maximum utilization of business opportunities. Some of the key decision makers include: The CEO: he/she is responsible for the overall performance of the organization. The most important information for the CEO is the budget forecasts and financial statements. This information serves the purpose of providing information related to organizational needs and the overall performance of the business. The CFO: responsible for the allocation of the organization financial resources. The most important information for the CFO is the budget estimates because they present the financial needs of the organization. Other Employees: they are responsible for the running of daily activities within the company. The most important information is the company strategic plan which will guide their actions to ensure that the organization achieves its goals. The first option is the best among the three because the business will manage to get financing at no extra cost. The second and third options are not attractive because they result in payment of interest and issuance of stock respectively. Faulty arithmetic in the budget figures: the errors include the errors of commission or duplication of financial figures. For instance, Â £ 22,500 may have been duplicated on either materials or direct labor. The occurrence of reality: this is possible especially when there is an occurrence of an event that

Family Essay Example for Free

Family Essay Every time we have a family gathering in our house, informal debates are always part of the â€Å"program†. My family and I are delighted to involve talking about current issues especially that concerns the humanity’s welfare morals. It will start from simple talks and later become a big debate amongst our family members. It sounds funny but that is how we have our family gatherings. In fact, discussing current issues make our spirits alert and alive but if there is none, our gathering will become boring and seems incomplete. I personally really like exchanging ideas and point of views from others. Through them, I can learn many insights and know their position regarding the issue, whether they are pro or not. This kind of characteristic really runs in my veins. I am a kind of person that will truly stand for what I believe is right. I will never concede to a perverse beliefs and ideas. Even though I have this kind of attitude that like to debate even on simple issues, I do still have my friends that stick with. There are times that we argue on nonsense things that sometimes lead us to a â€Å"fight†. I can still remember one incident that I and one of my closest friends had a fight over on one issue and that is upholding the good morals. I know we have different views when it comes to that matter. She is quite liberated but I am a reserved and quite conservative type of person. So if we talked over on morality, our ideas always clash and it is not new to me at all. Yes, we are friends but I do not do what she does and she does not do what I do because of our opposite views when it comes to morality. The argument started when she confessed to me that she and her boyfriend had indulged into premarital sex several times. My initial reaction was shocked. I was not able to talk for a moment because of her confession to me. I was shocked with her confession not because the idea itself is new to me but because I was not expecting them do it. I trusted her boyfriend very much that he will not do anything wrong to my friend because I expect him as a person who wants my friend to be preserved even we are in this perilous times where our morals are already deteriorating. I am not against on the idea of having sex because it is a gift of God to be enjoyed by individuals specifically for the married people but doing it outside marriage is a very big â€Å"no, no† to me. And I don’t even say that I want her to be like me because I do believe on individualism. All I want to see is, she will learn how to respect her own self and not allowing anyone, not even her â€Å"beloved† boyfriend, abused her body and take advantage on her. In this modern world, several people either young or old, of legal age or not are into it. It becomes a trend of our society. If you don’t experience it, people will regard you as â€Å"loser† and coward but if you do, you will gain their appreciation and approval. See? This is how our world being corrupted of worldly pleasures. And I don’t believe that if everybody is doing it, it is already right. We have to uphold our morals as people and not letting the things of this world influence and corrupt our good character. That is one of my convictions as a person. Furthermore, she continued to relay to me the things they did in full details and silence came up in the atmosphere. I just allowed her pour out her heart on me. After a few minutes, I asked her why she sticks for that idea and permitted it to happen. But she only answered, â€Å"Why not? Everybody is doing it. And besides, we love each other very much. I was very annoyed and disgusted with her answer but I tried to hold back my temper and trying to make a â€Å"good† discussion with her regarding the matter. So, I continued asking her. â€Å"Do you think that is the only way you can express your love to your boyfriend? † I asked. Then, answered back â€Å"what do you mean? We do this because we love each other. Don’t you understand! And don’t you ever dare to dictate my life on what should I do. You are not my parents! † she exclaimed. Those words struck me a lot. I am just discussing this matter to her because I love her as my dear friend and I want the best for her. I am hoping that, through our discussion, she can be able to realize the possible things that might happen to her in the future if she and her boyfriend will continually indulge on it. So I told her that even though everybody is doing it, it doesn’t mean that it is already right. My point was, even though everything is permissible but not everything is beneficial. Everything is permissible but not everything is constructive. What seems right to our eyes may lead us into destruction. I told her that she is just destroying her life. Her dignity as a woman was lost. I am trying her to understand my point that I would just want her to preserve her virginity until she will get married because that would be the only best gift she can give to her husband aside from her precious love. But she chose not to understand my point because she was â€Å"extremely† in love with that guy. I can understand her feelings but I can’t tolerate her actions. What she only thinks is the present happiness and not looking for the possible consequences in the future. I told her that every action she will be doing has its consequence. It might be right or wrong. Then, I asked again. â€Å"What if you get pregnant? Is he willing to accept the responsibilities and marry you? † She was silent for awhile and thinking for an answer. â€Å"Well†¦My boyfriend loves me so much and I am pretty sure that he will! † she replied and I can see her trying to convinced herself as she said those words to me. â€Å"Oh, well†¦ if that’s the case, I can’t force you to listen to my advices. I respect your opinion and decision because that is your life. But, always remember that I am not intruding your personal life. I am just worried what might be the consequences of your action and if you are really ready to face that consequence. † I responded. So, that argument is closed and I am thinking that it will never be an issue again to both of us. As time passes by, she continued to share to me what she and her boyfriend were doing and it was all about their sex escapades. I do listen to her even I do not like what I am hearing. I am trying my very best to understand her and remind her that it is not yet late to change. But she will just tell me that there is nothing wrong with her. In fact, she is very proud to experience it. One day, she phoned me and asked if we can dine out. We went to our favorite restaurant. When I saw her, she looked restless and haggard. I smiled at her and asked, â€Å"What is wrong? How are you and your boyfriend? † She just smiled bitterly to me. â€Å"Why? † I asked again. â€Å"I am pregnant and I do not know what to do with this baby. † I just looked at her and never said anything for a second. â€Å"I will abort this baby! † She started to cry. â€Å"No! † I said. â€Å"Did your boyfriend learn about this? † What did he say? † As I asked those questions, tears kept falling on her eyes. â€Å"Tell me†¦ What did he say about the baby? † I repeated. â€Å"He wanted me to abort the baby? He doesn’t want to marry me because we are still young and he has no job yet. I told her to keep the baby and never mind her boyfriend. Anyway, she can take care and provide the needs of her baby if she wants to. But she told me straight on my face that she will abort the baby. Due to her confusions, abortion came up into her mind as an ultimate answer for her recent problem. I told her that she already committed sin once, the sin of committing premarital sex, and now she should not sin again by aborting her own child. It is not right. It is morally not right. You are killing an innocent child, a child that has no strength to defend and fight for himself. This time, I persistently argued with her not to abort her baby. I told her that the guilt will always haunt her for the rest of her life. She might escape the shame for having a baby without a husband but she will not surely escape the guilt that will forever haunt her conscience. She was very stubborn because she told me that she needs to abort the baby because she cannot handle the responsibilities and the shame. I told her that all those scorns from other people will just pass and never be remembered again as the time will pass but the life of her baby cannot be withdraw from death once it is aborted.