Overview of Political Geography

Overview of Political Geography Political geography is a branch of human geography (the branch of geography concerned with understanding the worlds culture and how it relates to geographic space) that studies the spatial distribution of political processes and how these processes are impacted by ones geographic location. It often studies local and national elections, international relationships and the political structure of different areas based on geography. History of Political Geography Politische Geographie Another early theory in political geography was the heartland theory. In 1904, Halford Mackinder, a British geographer, developed this theory in his article, The Geographical Pivot of History. As a part of this theory, Mackinder said that world would be divided into a Heartland consisting of Eastern Europe, a World Island made up of Eurasia and Africa, Peripheral Islands, and the New World. His theory said that whoever controlled the heartland would control the world. Both Ratzel and Mackinders theories remained important before and during World War II. By the time of the Cold War, their theories and the importance of political geography began to decline and other fields within human geography began to develop. In the late 1970s however, political geography again began to grow. Today political geography is considered one of the most important branches of human geography and many geographers study a variety of fields concerned with political processes and geography. Fields within Political Geography European Union Modern political trends also have an impact on political geography and in recent years sub-topics focused on these trends have developed within political geography. This is known as critical political geography and includes political geography focused on ideas related to feminist groups and issues gay and lesbian as well as youth communities. Examples of Research in Political Geography Ellen Churchill Semple Today political geography is also a specialty group within the Association of American Geographers and there is an academic journal called Political Geography. Some titles from recent articles in this journal include Redistricting and the Elusive Ideals of Representation, Climate Triggers: Rainfall Anomalies, Vulnerability and Communal Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa, and Normative Goals and Demographic Realities. To learn more about political geography and to see topics within the subject visit the Political Geography page here on Geography at About.com.

Megans Law essays

Megans Law essays Are so called Megan's laws a good idea? Most definitely; Megan's law is designed to help protect a community by providing information about convicted sex offenders. The commonly known New Jersey law, "Megan's law", originated when the parents of seven year old Megan Kanka of Hamilton Township were not aware of the twice convicted sex offender living across the street until that neighbor brutally raped and murdered their daughter. The crime occurred only months after a similar incident in my hometown, Manalapan Township. In March of 1994, nineteen year old Kevin Aquino had woken his six year old neighbor, Amanda Wengert up and kidnapped her because he "wanted sex." He had put his hand over her mouth and punched her in the head to knock her out. He then preceded to smash her head up against a tree which terminated her life. During that time I remember coming across information that Aquino used to "peep" on young girls in the grammar school bathroom that I use to attend. He was arre sted for voyeurism. As an end result, Aquino will not see a parole board before he is seventy-four years old. This law established a three-tier notification process to provide information about offenders to law enforcement agencies and when appropriate, to the public. The type of notification is based on an evaluation of the risk to the community from a particular offender. The offenses that require notification are aggravated sexual assault, sexual assault, aggravated criminal sexual contact, endangering the welfare of a child by engaging in sexual conduct which would impair or debauch the morals of a child, luring or enticing and, if the victim were a minor and the offender not a parent, kidnapping, criminal restraint and false imprisonment. I believe that this law is an extremely effective punishment for the offender, at least psychologically. For example, if the offender decided to reestablish his/her life after jail, he/sh...

Weekly assignment 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Weekly assignment 7 - Essay Example In his time he participated in several non- violent protests for combating racial inequality. In this letter he tries to defend his perception about the ‘just’ and ‘unjust’ laws and his non-violent protests. In his letter he quotes different leaders and even Jesus Christ in order to make his views and argument strong and sound. Luther’s this quotation has a deep meaning to it. It says that any non- violent movement needs a systematic approach in order to cure the disease that one fights for. His first step ‘collection of the facts’ suggests his approach to deal things. In order to make one’s protest and non – violent fight sound and reasonable one has to collect the facts about the existence of injustice and the limits of it. This approach also defines the approach of a well learned man that is fighting for a cause, a cause that is carried out by non- violent intentions. After detecting that injustice does exist, the second step ‘negotiation’ suggests that one has to arrive at an agreement after having a clear understanding of things and opposed party. This step helps one to conclude that what is the basic need that one is striving for and what is the basic motif with which one wants to move forward. Thirdly ‘self – purification’seems to be the most vital step that suggests that one has to do internal personal sacrifices that are needed for the sake of growth and development. It says that self – purification is one way through which human can achieve the target need. Lastly ‘direct action’ is the last step that he suggests. In this step he does not mean ‘brutal acts’ or ‘bloodshed’ activities but ‘non – violent’ intentions and activities because according to him non – violent acts carry a deeper meaning and message for the target audience. Luther also defends his last step ‘direct action’ by saying: non- violent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster

Terms of Reference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Terms of Reference - Essay Example In this regard, the notion of â€Å"zero hours contract† will be elaborated as an effective measure or solution. A qualitative approach of research methodology will be taken into concern for completing the study with focusing on varied secondary sources. These secondary sources may comprise reviewing varied scholarly based journal articles and books relating to the notion of zero works contract and also the online websites of the selected company i.e. Control Risks, wherein the company published about the problem. It is projected that by reviewing such secondary sources, a detailed understanding can be made regarding appropriate utilization of zero hours contract within the aforesaid security company, which will aid in mitigating and improving the above identified problem facing by the company. According to Brinkley (2014), the idea of Zero Hours Contract is regarded as a type of work contract, which is especially followed with varied companies. This type of working agreement especially refers to an on-call agreement between the employers and the employees of a specific organization. It is worth mentioning that the prime facet of zero hours contract is ascertained to be forming as well as developing an informal relationship between employers and employees facilitating employees to solve varied problems like ineffective communication between these organizational members due to increased level of involvement in corruption. There are several legal risk factors that can be related with this type of work contract. The temporary vacancy in a company has been fulfilled by the process of zero hours working contract (Brinkley, 2014). In relation to the above context, the importance of zero hours contract is found to be quite useful in several working sectors. Thus, it can be affirmed that the zero hours contact can found its applicability in the security company i.e. Control Risks, which will aid in improving the above stated problem facing by the company in the

Driving Age Essay Example for Free

Driving Age Essay Driving age Turning the age of fifteen is a huge step in the life of a teen. When becoming this age a new challenge is brought into the persons life, the task of driving a car. But are fifteen year olds ready for this task. Driving a car is a task that should only be taken on by teenagers over the age of eighteen, because they are more responsible and understand the risks involved. In this essay I will explain and give reasons on why I think that the driving age should be raised to be able to get your drivers license at. 102 First Argument Teenagers not needing vehicles In todays society the idea of fifteen, sixteen and seventeen year olds operating cars has become a way of life. But if one stops to think about it, there is no need for these drivers to be on the road. Most of these drivers still live at home and have no Job because theyre still in school. So they have no Job to drive to or from. To go to school they can take the bus or be dropped off by their parents. I know theres so many times when I want to drive somewhere because my parents arent home or I Just want o be by myself outside of the house. Im sure a lot of teenagers that are younger than sixteen cant wait to be able to get on the road. Maybe they arent responsible enough, but then they shouldnt be driving. 144 Second Argument Accidents are caused mostly by teenagers The dramatic increase in teen accidents has lead major portions of the public to favor the driving age to be raised to eighteen. The direct concern is over fifteen, sixteen and seventeen -year-old drivers if they are responsible and experienced nough to drive on the road. Most New Zealand citizens agree that accidents involving teen drivers are their lack of Judgment and irresponsibility as a driver, and as well as their lack of experience and poor attention to details. I believe that the increase in teen accidents may decrease if the driving age is raised to eighteen. 98 Teenagers between the ages of fifteen, sixteen and seventeen years of age are more prone to get in a car accident then an eighteen or nineteen-year-old driver. There is a mall percent of teens on the road that obey the traffic laws, but there are many teen drivers that are reckless and showoffs. They rather gamble their life away drag racing down the freeway or down the street then acting responsible and mature while driving. The consequences of unsafe or irresponsible teen driving a cause 77% of automobile accidents. Parents and other supporters may argue that there is no difference between an eighteen-year-old driver to a sixteen or seventeen year old driver between the amount of experience they have. 123

Best Man Wedding Speech -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Best Man Wedding Speech Well to be honest Steven I thought you would have spoken for longer today†¦.. as that was probably your last opportunity to speak for any length of time without interruption. Not that I’m saying Ellen talks a lot! Afternoon everybody†¦..or is it evening†¦.. seems so long ago that we started these proceedings†¦. For those of you that do not know me my name is Mark Although I’m sure you’ll have a few other names for me after I’ve finished this†¦. Although BIG NOSE is a little obvious! Also just a little soundcheck†¦.Can hear me at the back???? Good then put a bottle aside for me!!!! Well†¦I hope you’ve all been having a good time and enjoyed yourselves so far†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Good †¦..but as they say †¦.. every silver lining has a cloud†¦.. and I’m afraid it’s just got overcast! I must thank Ellen’s parents for their hospitality today and that really did look like a splendid meal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. although I’m afraid mine should be just be hitting the city sewer system around †¦. About†¦.. now†¦ Response to Steven’s Toast To Bridesmaid First of all may I re-iterate and thank Steven for his complementary comments to the Bridesmaids, who have done a splendid job today at looking wonderful. Although†¦.. No-doubt my sister has already told you this†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Read CARDS / TELEGRAMS here! â€Å"Don’t forget dear †¦.. the slightest ill treatment and you come home to Mother! Closer Look†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Oh!! Its for... ...m service lady will of course be puzzled by this request and ask him whether Mrs Scott might want something more substantial To which Steven will probably reply ‘No that’s ok I'm conducting an experiment to see if she eats like a rabbit as well!" Ladies and Gentlemen please†¦.. settle down†¦ Could you please stand now and join me in a toast to the bride’s parents for this special day. Thank you. And while you are all standing I’ve just got a few last things to say†¦.. Steven you are an excellent friend and it’s been an honour to be your best man. I wish you and Ellen all the very best for the future. If everyone could now join me in a toast to Mr and Mrs Steven and Ellen Scott. Congratulations!!!

Consequences of Exploration for Europeans and the Indigenous Peoples

In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean bearing the name of the Spanish Crown in hopes that he had landed in the Indies of Asia using a direct sea route. Though that is not where he landed, his â€Å"New World† was a place of great wealth, new materials and crops, new source of labor, and new land for the European nations. The consequences for the native people of the Americas were much worse with devastating death tolls, enslavement, new diseases and racist attitudes towards them. Though it would not be fair to say that the Europeans did not share in negative consequences or that the indigenous people did not gain any advantages. The greatest negative consequences for the Europeans due to the European expansion are a devastating economic revolution, and the introduction of the venereal disease Syphilis. Once the Spanish began to mine the precious ores of America the wealth of Spain underwent a major transformation. Demanding one-fifth of all profit, the Crown became immensely rich and this showed in their influence on the rest of Europe, seeing that other countries now lacked the material wealth of Spain. Throughout this time of great wealth the population rose steadily in Spain. With population increase, came an increased demand for food and merchandise. Spain had expelled a large amount of their skilled farmers, workers, merchants and businessmen during the Inquisition when they cleansed their country of the Jewish and Muslim people. Along with the demand in Spain, the demand for Spanish and European products in the Americas also became hard to keep up with. With the ever-increasing influx of silver bullion the prices in Spain began to rise and the inflation quadrupled the prices of everything within thirty years. In 1556, Martin de Azpilcueta Navarro, a Spanish canon lawyer, writes about the influx of American silver as the cause of the inflation. We see by experience that in France, where money is scarcer than in Spain, bread, wine, cloth, and labour are worth much less. And even in Spain, in times when money was scarcer, saleable goods and labour were given for very much less than after the discovery of the Indies, which flooded the country with gold and silver. The reason for this is that money is worth more where and when it is scarce than where and when it is abundant. Along with this, the Spanish king Philip II spent more money on outside enterprises to worsen his countries debt. When needing to pay his debt to other countries, he also paid in silver bullion spreading the inflation to the rest of Europe. The discovery of the Americas led Europe to inflation and increased prices and Spain to almost complete debt by the seventeenth century. Besides silver and gold, the native people of the Americas passed Syphilis on to the Spanish who came to settle there. In five year time, Syphilis had spread to Russia from the European Atlantic coast. Though it could not be proven, Syphilis is thought to have originated in Espaniola because no evidence of Syphilis exists in Europe before 1493. These open sores, boils, and aches in the joints caused excruciating pains to many Europeans due to this quickly widespread venereal disease. The only proven effective way to treat Syphilis was from drinking the boiled bark of the guaiacum tree which only grew in Espaniola. Though no exact numbers were calculated for Syphilis it could not be compared to the death tolls that the European diseases left on the Indian populations. â€Å"In a period of 130 years, something like 95 percent of all Native Americans died of disease. That number is far greater than experts (until recently) had ever suspected. The Native Americans who survived the plagues were, of course, completely demoralized and depressed by this tremendous loss of their loved ones, of their lifestyle, and of their ancient culture. â€Å"(Bib 2. ) The 95 percent population loss of the Natives was staggering compared to probably one percent death caused by Syphilis. Thus though Syphilis was a negative consequence of European expansion it proved minor compare to the Indigenous peoples loss due to European disease. Besides new crops and animals the indigenous people were introduced to new religions, medicines and ways of life that helped better themselves. Christianity was introduced to the indigenous people thanks to very ardent Catholicism from the Spanish and Portuguese. These Christians taught of love, equality and a heaven after death for those who acted well on earth. For many indigenous people this religion called to them and they were converted. Those who did not convert voluntarily were either forced to convert or killed. The native people actually became very passionate about this religion and even followed religious doctrines more closely than the Spanish conquistadors. The natives began to spread peace and love as a bigger doctrine than territory fighting which shows how religion was a positive outcome from European expansion. New technology and medicine helped more effectively cure the local people and brought new light to the topic. In Pre-Colombian times the Indian populations would come to the ailing and stay by their side through illness thus probably catching the illness themselves, the Europeans taught to isolate the sick and better medicines to treat them. The lives that new medicines saved in the Americas is immeasurable but probably still do not compare to the lives lost from European diseases. New technologies such as guns, steel and sailing equipment helped build stronger weapons than the ones previously possessed by Indians, and a new material from which objects could be made. Very strong steel could be used to make protection from swords and swords themselves thus fortifying indigenous peoples' ability to make weapons, protect themselves, and hunt. Many thousands of things brought from Europe helped make indigenous life better such as candles to light the night and paper so writing and language could be better developed. Though much understated there were many positive outcomes from European expansion to the indigenous people of the Americas and even a few negative outcomes for the Europeans themselves. More often than not, when talking about the European expansion into America, the Europeans seem to get much better rewards from their expansion. And they actually did. They reaped much higher rewards from their conquest of the Americas than the indigenous people, yet it cannot be forgotten that both peoples' had multiple sides to their gains and losses due to European expansion. Bibliography Quotes: {draw:frame} 1. â€Å"Why were Native Americans so vulnerable to European diseases? (article). † Articles on how to feel good more often and get more done. Web. 10 Oct. 2009. http://www. youmeworks. com/why_native_americans. html. Galloway, J. H. The Sugar Cane Industry An Historical Geography from its Origins to 1914 (Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography). New York: Cambridge UP, 2005. Print. American Indian past and present. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 2008. Print. Other Info: â€Å"Spanish colonization of the Americas -. † Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas. â€Å"Native Americans in the United States – European colonization. † Spiritus-Temporis. com – Historical Events, Latest News, News Archives. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. http://www. spiritus-temporis. com/native-americans-in-the-united-states/european-colonization. html.

International Management Essay

In the first article titled â€Å"Developing an effective repatriation strategy for MNC: A model and tools for international human resource management†, the authors explore the rather forgotten aspect of repatriates. This is a specific targeting the area of international human resource management. According to the authors, repatriated employees have not received the focus they should especially about their full inclusion into the companies. As such, expatriates have suffered on various fronts, ranging from the emotional disharmony to the general loss of contact to the company. The authors fault the fact that multinational companies have not been able to come up with policies and procedures to support these expatriates. They point out that these companies fail to accommodate the expatriates just as they fail to recognize the existence of this category of employees. They also point out the fact that companies have the responsibility to provide support services for their expatriate employees (Chew, 2008). The second article titled â€Å"Analyzing International Trade Patterns: Comparative Advantage for the worlds major Economies† focuses on the relationship between comparative advantage and other comparative factors in relation to the overall benefit obtained from having such an advantage by a country. The authors go ahead to analyze the comparative advantage of the major economies in the world. They bring out the single most important contributor to these countries’ high development as having its roots in the fact that they have succeeded in achieving high exports. The author brings out the fact that these countries put together, comprise over 80% of the global exports in terms of manufacturing products. According to the author, the achievement of high production of goods by these countries has in the end meant the cost of production has reduced. The high exports and resultant cost reductions on goods, makes such countries stronger economically and puts them above other countries. The first article brings into focus some forgotten but very relevant issues on expatriates. Indeed it is estimated that over 20% of the people working in most industries in developed countries are expatriates. The lack of strategies towards the full integration of such people has meant a great deal of discomfort to them. Mead (2005) agrees that there are issues applying to expatriates that need to be specifically addressed by policy makers. It is the mandate of the human resource department in companies to come up with strategies to absorb them. There are many benefits that accrue to a company that is able to employ expatriates. Apart from the special technical interests that they may bring to the company, they can also help the company in setting its global focus (Goderham, 2003). This can come in the areas of new markets or new global marketing fronts. As such it is of value that companies really think in terms of integrating such employees. The adoption process of such people however ought to be guided by policy and a development of strategies fully targeting them. The setting in motion of this process is informed by four major steps that the companies have to take. Indeed if companies were able to follow the four steps, they would benefit a lot from this category of employees. The first thing that companies have to do is to develop a policy. This should be a duty to be aggressively undertaken by the human resource departments of the companies. Companies have the mandate to come up with the policies that are aimed at integrating, supporting and hence adopting their expatriate employees. The second thing that should be done is the setting up of an agreement. This is in view to the fact that the difficulties and poor conditions of working encountered by the expatriate workers may not be similar to those experienced by the other category of workers. As such there should be a collaborative effort between the expatriates and the companies to ensure the terms are supportive to the expatriates present conditions and restrictions. The third thing is that companies should aggressively undertake efforts towards the development of an internal program aimed at monitoring issues on expatriate employees. Such a program should have the capacity to monitor the implementation of the strategies targeting expatriates. There should be a continuous process program (Goderham, 2003). The establishment of such a program should be finalized by the setting up of the necessary tools to evaluate its achievement of the objectives in helping the expatriates become fully integrated. The second article brings into focus another issue different from the first. The focus of this second article is on the idea of competitive advantage of countries. Indeed it is the main focus in many countries today as they strategize towards becoming great economic powers. The real concept communicated is that with an increased focus on exports much can be achieved. The focus on exports as a tool towards economic boost of a country is an old strategy. It is the main strategy behind the idea of mercantilism as used by the British. They knew that when they exported more and imported less, it would go a long way in making their economy grow. As such they sought to acquire more colonies as exclusive markets for their product. This dimension towards export, in the end ensures more benefits and a strong economy. The principle behind the idea of mercantilism is used by many developed economies in the world. They seek to export more and import less. This has in the end made them stronger economies. To understand the real impact from the exports towards boosting a country’s economy, there is need to understand three fundamental concepts and how these concepts interact to achieve what is called a country’s competitive advantage. These concepts are the relative costs, cost ratios and the absolute advantage. There is need to focus on these factors individually. Relative costs are those obtained in the comparison of the cost of an item against other items in the same country. This comparison in ratio terms is what gives us the cost ratio. The cost ratio is what can then be compared to the other countries to get a country’s absolute advantage. Absolute advantage itself is a factor indicative of a fall in production costs. The benefits of less production costs, usually trickle down to the economy and is what is felt as the boosts in a country’s economy (Ram, 2008). The idea of production costs going down is itself indicative that a country was producing and selling more. This directly points to exports. But to achieve large export sells, a country and its products must be able to fair considerably well compared against its competitors. This brings into focus the issue of competitive advantage and the underlying issues. The focus now is on how to be more competitive than the other, in this global economy. The answer here is this, that, the most innovative country will achieve more exports and hence better lives for its citizens.

Human behavior and lifespan development Essay Example

Human behavior and lifespan development Essay Example Human behavior and lifespan development Essay Human behavior and lifespan development Essay Human behavior and Lifespan Development. Suzanna Pickering. S134487 Social Workers are progressively mentioning to theories of the life rhythm, life span development and human behaviors these theories indicate the relationship of peculiar biological ages of life to psychological, societal and development alterations. From a theoretical position cardinal theories of human growing and development will be discussed concentrating on babies, foregrounding the importance of professionals detecting a kid and doing a judgement on their development and demands. Therefore, the theories will be applied to societal work, discoursing the advantages and disadvantages of taking a life span position, taking into history gender, civilization and individualism. Attachment and the different theories associated with fond regard will enable us to understand people in a more thorough mode and in peculiar the fortunes that service users may be faced with sing diverseness, their single cultural demands and beliefs. Whilst remaining within the boundaries, values and Ethical motives set down by the GSCC. It is widely accepted that parent and kid relationship plays a cardinal function in the psychological development.( Pg1Attachment andCalciferolevelopment ) Goldburg, S. ( 2000 ) Attachment and Development,London: Arnold. The term development refers to the procedure by which a kid, or more by and large an being ( human or animate being ) grows and alterations through its lifetime. In worlds the most dramatic developmental alterations occur in babyhood and childhood, as the newborn develops into a immature grownup capable of going a parent himself or herself. From its beginnings much of developmental psychological science has therefore been concerned with kid psychological science, and with the alterations from babyhood through to adolescence.Smith, P.K. and Cowie, H. ( 1996 )Uracilnderstanding Children s Development ( 2nd ed. ) ,Oxford: Blackwell. The term attachment is described in Collins Dictionary of Social Work ( Thomas, M. and Pierson, J. ( 1995 ) , London: Harper Collins ) as a long permanent emotional bond between two persons, affecting their seeking propinquity to each other and holding pleasance in each other s company. Typically fond regard is developed by babies towards their chief care-givers, but it may besides qualify feelings between other people, or between a individual and some object. Attachment is a strong emotional bond that develops between baby and health professional, supplying the baby with emotional security. By the 2nd half of the first twelvemonth, babies are said to go affiliated to familiar people who have responded to their demand for physical attention and stimulation. ( Bowlby, J 1998 ) How these fond regards develop and whether attachment theory provides a sound footing for advice on how to raise kids have been intense subjects of theoretical argument. Attachment refers to the synergistic mutual relationship that babies and immature kids experience and develop with their primary health professional ( Bowlby, 1982 ) . Many times this health professional is the baby s biological female parent. In recent times the population of working female parents has increased dramatically. Due to this demographic alteration, the primary health professional for a kid is sometimes the biological male parent and other relations such as aunts, uncles, grandparents, older siblings, nursemaids or twenty-four hours attention providers.There are besides Children in our state who for assorted grounds find themselves in the attention of Foster or adoptive parents. Following birth is a rapid country of larning for the kid. A new born babe can see about 20 centimeters and follow a moving object, odor, hear and recognise voices. Checks are preformed on the neonate to guarantee nil obvious is incorrect, these cheques include Reflexes, Moro response ( toes curving ) , Babinski ( grasps fingers and bents ) , guaranting that baby is rooting for the chest, sucking A ; swallowing, measure and stepping. The new Born is wholly reliant on the health professional as it is non equipped to last without it. The health professional provides nutrient, heat and protection, for illustration when a babe calls it is for a ground this is a signifier of communicating. Babies know that when they cry person will come and will guarantee to fulfill the babes needs. Chronologically, this is the period of babyhood through the first one or two old ages of life. The kid, well-handled, nurtured and loved, develops trust and security and a basic optimism. Badly handled, he be comes insecure and mistrustful. ( Erikson E Trust Vs Mistrust 8 Stages of Development ) cited Child Development Information ( 2009 ) Children develop and grow from the minute they are conceived until early maturity, demoing many alterations within their abilities. Whilst no two kids will develop at precisely the same clip, as Social Workers we use benchmarks to detect behaviors and development. Understanding the phase and procedure of development can assist a Social Worker place the accomplishment of developmental mileposts such as a Childs first measure or first words and to admit the kid is developing usually within the benchmarks we work. Attachment theory is a psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory that forms relationships. One of import rule of attachment theory is that a immature kid demands to develop a relationship with at least one primary health professional for societal and emotional development to happen usually. The theory was formulated by head-shrinker and psychoanalyst John Bowlby. The country of the baby is considered by Bowlby as sensitiveness period. Within attachment theory, infant behavior associated with fond regard is chiefly the seeking of acquaintance of an attachment figure in nerve-racking state of affairss. Babies go attached to grownups who are sensitive and antiphonal to their demands and who remain as consistent health professionals for some months during the period from about six months to two old ages of age. During the latter portion of this period, kids begin to utilize attachment figures as a secure base to research from and return to with the cognition that a parent will be where they left them in the instance of a unafraid fond regard. Separation anxiousness or heartache following the loss of an attachment figure is considered to be a normal and adaptative response for an affiliated baby. The kid will demo a clear penchant for the primary health professional on their return ; this will assist steer the person s feelings, ideas and outlooks in ulterior relationships. Attachment theoreticians point to informations that favour the health professional reactivity hypothesis. For illustration, it has been found that an baby s weeping alterations over the first twelvemonth much more than the female parent s reactivity to the weeping does. Furthermore, the female parent s reactivity over a 3-month period predicts the babies over the 3 months significantly better than the babies shouting predicts the female parent s subsequent reactivity to shouting. In short, the female parent appears to act upon the babies shouting more than the infant influences the female parent s reactivity to shouting ( Bell A ; Ainsworth, 1972 ) . As a societal worker we need to derive an apprehension of the whole kid, their development and their life class. It is of import to take a scope of theories and positions into history that support us in understanding childrens growing and development and single experience, the function and the impact of their households and the influence of procedures and systems in their lives. Through this you should be able to see beyond the description of the kid, to give significance to their lives and experiences. Thus we are recognizing the kid as an person. We need to admit there are kids with unique and specific demands that may impact on their single development and behavior, surely on their experiences and how others view and respond to them, a good illustration would be the experience and positions of a kid with a disablement. Pg 31 SW A ; humanA deve. We need to recognize that communities raise kids in diverse ways with each civilization promoting the sorts of wonts and traits that help them to incorporate and work within that civilization, ( pg 33 Social work and human development ) nevertheless we need to be aware of the Torahs and human rights that we have within the United Kingdom whilst being cognizant of cultural diversenesss and penchants. Recognizing the importance of civilization within the kid s development is of import for a figure of grounds. First we need to place those facets of development that impact on all kids, non merely through theories and surveies based on white, in-between category kids populating with a western civilization. Second we need to hold an apprehension of the kid s household civilization and how that impacts on the kid ; we need to understand the impact of cultural beliefs as portion of that environment. We need to see how different cultural beliefs impact on how people experience their lives. Attachment procedure for the parents seems to get down with the development of an initial emotional bond and so extends to more and more adept fond regard behaviors. For the baby, the procedure is said to get down with attachment behaviors and so progresses to the full features of fond regard slightly subsequently ( Atkinson et al 2000 ) . Sigmund Freud nevertheless, besides offered a position on the country of fond regard and his position was subsequently known as the The Cupboard Theory . This theory stated that the absence of the female parent would scare the babe into believing that it would non be nourished. This theory offered by Freud has received a great trade of unfavorable judgment on the footing that there is no grounds to propose that the baby associates the female parent wholly with nutriment. Bowlby s position supplemented these unfavorable judgments as he believed that babes have inborn inclinations towards the female parent and are non attached by nutrient or heat. Another key development which was argued disproved Freud s theory and offered support towards the position of Bowlby was an experiment which was conducted by Harlow and Harlow in 1977. This experiment consisted of Rhesus monkeys been raised without their female parents. The Monkeys were housed is isolated coops with a theoretical account female parent either made from wire or terry-towel fabric. The terry-towel fabric had no proviso in which to feed the monkeys whereas the wire female parent figure did in the signifier of milk giving mammillas. The survey concluded that every clip the monkeys were frightened they would seek support and comfort from the warm non-food supplying terry-towel cloth theoretical account as opposed to the cold nutrient supplying wire theoretical account. These findings clearly disputed the position of Freud s Cupboard theory . And it indicated, as Bowlby would reason, that a female parent s love is non for nurturing but for comforting and kids, like the M acaca mulatta monkeys, usage teddy bears for comfort if they feel in anyhow threatened ( Gleightman, H. et al 1999 ) .A Subsequently unfavorable judgments of fond regard theory relate to disposition, the complexness of societal relationships, and the restrictions of distinct forms for categorizations. Attachment theory has been significantly modified as a consequence of empirical research, but the constructs have become by and large accepted, although we are no longer working with merely a Euro centric base, we use these theories as a benchmark within Social Work taking into history single civilizations and beliefs. Another disadvantage for a kid is holding a good fond regard with a hapless parent ; this could do deficiency of trust, misgiving and the kid so as holding to care for themselves and perchance siblings. Although unfavorable judgments have been made of the Theory of Attachment and certain facets of the work of Bowlby, Ainsworth etc I feel that the theory of fond regard has developed vastly through their work. It can surely be argued that their work will and will go on to lend to our apprehension of how parent and kid fond regards develop and I feel that their work provides us with concluding as to why kids may develop in different ways. Although there are unfavorable judgments which exist of the theories, I feel that it can be clearly argued that they give us a solid information base as to why fond regard is of import in the development of babies and kids. The overall consensus environing fond regard and the associated arguments have in past suffered unfavorable judgment from feminist groups excessively. For illustration, unfavorable judgments environing Bowlby s work have been made foregrounding that he maintains that the female parent should be the chief carer of the baby and that her uninterrupted attention should be present while the kid is turning and developing ( Gross, R. 1999 ) . This has been argued to be sexist as the deduction is that the female parent will non work and will automatically set about kid rise uping functions. It can be argued one time once more that this given is non merely sexist but as highlighted antecedently, culturally unethical excessively. One major statement which has been offered by Gross R. in 1999 to back up the womens rightist position is that a stable web of grownups offers adequate attention and in some instances can hold advantages over a system where the female parent has the meet all the babie s demands ( Gross, R. 1999 ) .

How to Study for a Philosophy Exam

How to Study for a Philosophy Exam Perhaps youve heard this story: Thirty students are waiting to write a final exam for a philosophy course on the Theory of Knowledge. The professor enters the room, hands out blue books, picks up  a chair, places it on top of a table, and says, You are to write just one essay on this exam. Prove to me that this chair exists. You have two hours. A minute later one student gets up, turns in her answer book and leaves. The rest of the class slave away for two hours, explaining foundationalism, pragmatism, materialism, idealism, and every other ism they think is relevant.  But when the exams are returned, only one essay receives an A- the one turned in early.  The classmates of the student who got the A naturally demand to see her essay.  She shows it them. It consists of two words: What chair? If you have a philosophy final coming up, and youre feeling witty, you could try a strategy like that. But we wouldnt recommend it. Theres a 99.9% probability that in the real world, the two-word essay would have received a big fat F. In the real world, the most important thing to remember is to study for the exam in an active rather than passive way. What does that mean? Passive studying is where you look over your class notes, notes taken from books, old essays. Research has shown that this is not very effective. This may be especially true in philosophy because the abstractness of the material can often make recall difficult. So how can you make your studying active?  Here are four ways. Write Practice Essays, Preferably Timed This is probably the single most valuable exercise you can do. Writing under exam conditions- time limits and no notesforces you to organize what you know, strengthens your ability to recall details (definitions, arguments, objections, etc.), and often prompts original thoughts of your own that you might end up including if you write on the same topic in the exam. Most teachers should  be able and willing to give you sample questions that you can use for this purpose. Read, Keeping Practice Essays in Mind Before writing a practice essay, youll naturally need to prepare by studying the relevant material. But doing this sort of focused, purposeful studying is much better than just scanning many pages of notes and texts and hoping that some of it sticks. Think up Your Own Examples to Illustrate Abstract Points For instance, if youre writing about how utilitarians might be willing to sacrifice individual rights in order to promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number, you might think about a group of peeping toms who are all spying on someone in the shower. Its much easier to remember concrete examples than abstract principles; but once you do, youll probably find it easy to  recall the theoretical point the examples are making. Whoever is reading the essay may also give you credit if you use original illustrative examples: it shows you really understand what you are talking about and not just mindlessly repeating what someone else has said. Practice Making Outlines After youve written a practice essay and you have the material fully in mind, draft an outline for the essay youve just written, perhaps with some improvements. Again, this will help to organize your thinking and should help improve your ability to recall the material during the exam. Bottom Line The  mechanical basics of preparing for any  final are pretty much the same for all subjects: get a  good nights sleep; eat a good breakfast (or lunch) so your brain is fueled; make sure you have a spare pen. Some people also think it helps to sleep with the textbook under your pillow. Experts are skeptical about this strategy but, to date, its ineffectiveness has  never been conclusively proved.

Polymerase chain reaction practical, Genetics Essay

Polymerase chain reaction practical, Genetics - Essay Example Currently, there are hundreds of different types of PCR are being used in different laboratories but the basic principle remains same. The overall process of PCR can be summarized as follows. 1) Mixture of all constituents of PCR like dNTPs, Primers (forward and reverse), Buffer and template DNA will be mixed in desired concentration. 2) The first step is amplification, where the temperature is set at 94C for 2-5 minutes for denaturation of double stranded DNA, a process called initial denaturation, 3) After initial denaturation, sample is kept for 30 sec at 94C for further denaturation, 4) After denaturation temperature is brought down to 55-60C for 30sec to allow annealing of primer with specific DNA site called annealing temperature. 5) The temperature is now brought up to the 72C for polymerase to start new DNA synthesis using primer as starting material. 6) After extension, the cycles are repeated for almost 30 times to get 230 copy of initial DNA template. Finally, after 3 cycl e extension is be performed at 72C for 5 min to complete any unamplified reaction. Figure 1 shows steps involves in PCR. Development of PCR and identification of DNA as signature molecules for individual leads to introduction of DNA based technique for establishment of parental relation and subsequently for crime and criminal detection. Based on DNA sequence of humans it was found that there are many places in entire DNA that are conserved nucleotide repeats and based on size or length of these sequences they are termed as micro and mini satellite (4). It was found that number of repeat in these sequences varies from person to person and inherited from parents to child makes it ideal choice for criminal identification. Later, this process was termed as DNA fingerprinting. Moreover, development of PCR made this technique more powerful and realistic compared to any other technique for criminal identification, since most of the time, the specimen obtained in the crime site is always in less quantity. This small part of body or body fluids like blood, sperm, saliva or even hair is sufficient to isolate DN A and then amplification with PCR make it possible to do different analysis on it. Here the aim of this experiment was to understand fundamental principle and use of polymerase chain reaction and based on that to understand how PCR is used in DNA fingerprinting based crime investigation and criminal identification 2. Methods: 2.1 Buccal DNA extraction: Ten ml, 0.9% saline solution was rubbed vigorously against the cheeks for 10 seconds. The sample (extract from the bucaal cavity) was then transferred into 15 ml centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 2000 g for 10 minutes for the pellet. Thereafter, 500 l of chelex beads were added into the pellet and resuspended with the chelex by pipetting in and out various times such that there are no visible clumps of cells. Five hundred microliter of the aliquot was transferred into 1.5ml microfuge tube and was boiled into a hot block at 100C for 10 mins. The sample was then spin for 30 secs top speed to spin down chelex. Fifty microliter of the fresh supernatant was transferred

Environmental Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Environmental Management - Essay Example Evolution of the sustainable management has been problematic for two major reasons; firstly the norms of sustainability are continuously changing, for example, values which were unthinkable few years back are now evolving as standard practices. Secondly, sustainability requires the managers to think for the long term not only short term. The manager can take credit for cultural changes in the program but the organization culture reflects the contemporary concepts of the public. During the 1960s and 1970s, the industrial environmentalism time period was emerging where there were less environmental concerns in the industry but businesses successfully overcame these pressures and made separate regulations and definitions. Environmentalists existed but in businesses, they were discredited. In 1970 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was created which shifted the norms of environmentalism and created a link between the industry and the environmentalists. Despite this, the two sides d id not really meet. Then by the 1980s, environmentalism emerged as a social responsibility and activism became influential. EPA lost its credibility but major non-governmental organizations were found. Businesses started becoming more cooperative and new managerial structures were formed to deal with regulations. During 1988 and 1993, the industry emerged in understanding and changing attitudes towards environmental protection. New attitudes were adopted and the issue was dealt with in a new manner outlining important steps to be taken.